ABSTRACT
Purpose: Clinical guidelines recommend that breast cancer (BrCa) survivors be prescribed exercise. Healthcare providers often do not make these prescriptions citing multiple health conditions often found among cancer survivors which may impede survivors from safely completing home/community based exercise. This study evaluated the proportion and characteristics of breast cancer survivors who may need further evaluation prior to being prescribed home/community based exercise.
Methods: Participants included BrCa survivors treated in a university health care system between 2009-2014. We applied previously identified published guidelines for health conditions that may impede BrCa survivors from completing a home/community based exercise program. Logistic regression models were used to quantify the magnitude of association between demographic and clinical characteristics and the ability to perform home/community based exercise.
Results: Among 667 BrCa survivors, 65% to 75% were classified as able to complete home/community based exercise as recommended by the clinical guidelines. Older age, black race, treatment with chemotherapy, and treatment with radiation were associated with the potential need for further medical evaluation prior to starting exercise.
Conclusions: A large proportion of BrCa survivors can be prescribed home/community based exercise. Future research will need to determine how to identify the subset of BrCa survivors that may benefit from medical evaluation prior to starting exercise in a manner that doesn’t interrupt clinical oncology workflow. Approximately 35% of BrCa survivors may benefit from medical evaluation prior to starting home/community based exercise.
INTRODUCTION
Research that has emerged over the past 20-years demonstrates that exercise may improve multiple physiologic and psychological sequelae of breast cancer (BrCa) treatment [1-3], including cancer-related fatigue, cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, physical function, and quality of life [3-7]. In addition, regular participation in physical activity may be associated with a lower risk of BrCa recurrence and death [8-12]. The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), American Cancer Society (ACS), and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) clinical practice guidelines recommend all cancer survivors to perform: 1) 150-minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75-minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week; 2) 2–3 weightlifting or muscle strengthening sessions per week; and 3) neuromuscular and flexibility activities on days of exercise [1, 13, 14]. Exercise possesses pharmacological properties like a medicine, and is most efficacious when prescribed with the appropriate volume, intensity, and modality to improve a specific health outcome [3, 15].
Despite clinical recommendations that encourage all BrCa survivors to engage in regular exercise [1, 13, 14], healthcare providers may have reservations about prescribing exercise to their patients due, in part, to competing health conditions often found among cancer survivors, such as lymphedema, cardiovascular disease, and cancer-related fatigue [16]. Consequently, only one-in-five of BrCa survivors report that their healthcare provider has offered recommendations about engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as participating in regular physical activity [17]. Similar exercise prescribing patterns are observed among colorectal and endometrial cancer survivors.
The current infrastructure in oncology often results in cancer survivors participating in exercise with minimal guidance and limited or no supervision [18]. BrCa survivors with multiple health conditions may require different volumes, intensities, and modalities of exercise to safely and effectively improve health outcomes. Healthcare providers may benefit from a standardized approach to identify BrCa survivors for whom it may be appropriate to safely prescribe a community/home-based exercise program that is consistent with the ACSM/ACS/NCCN clinical guidelines. Prior studies have estimated that as few as 20% of colorectal cancer survivors and 15% of endometrial cancer survivors could be prescribed a community/home based exercise program without the potential need for further medical screening [19, 20]. However, no study has quantified the proportion of BrCa survivors that can be prescribed a community/home based exercise program.
Participants were eligible if they were: aged ≥21 years; diagnosed with BrCa (International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision [ICD-9]: 174.*); and received surgery for BrCa in the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS) between the years of 2009 and 2014. Participants were also required to have a subsequent visit approximately six-months (± three-months) after completion of their cancer-directed therapies (with exception of hormonal or targeted treatment). We excluded women who were aged ≥90 years; with metastatic disease; or without the requisite health information. Data were abstracted from UPHS electronic medical records. This study was approved by University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board.
Cancer survivors may be most likely to adopt recommendations about healthy lifestyle behaviors six-months after completing their primary cancer-directed therapies [21]. Six-months is suggested because it is the shortest interval of time that allows the acute symptoms of cancer treatment to subside while survivors are still receptive to learning, and adopting new healthy lifestyle practices [19, 20].
In order to develop a detailed list to define whether survivors would be able to perform unsupervised exercise after a cancer diagnosis (Appendix Table 1, [19]), a review of previously published clinical recommendations for exercise was conducted that identified potential health conditions that may suggest the need for further medical evaluation [cite]. This list has been applied in colorectal and endometrial cancer survivors previously [19, 20]. The health conditions were classified into ten system-specific categories (Table S1). The identification of one or more relevant health conditions signified the potential need for further medical evaluation. For this analysis, if no relevant health conditions were identified, the ability to perform community/home based unsupervised exercise was assumed.
Data abstraction
Data abstracted from electronic medical records included demographic information, including age and race. Clinical information included stage (American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual, Seventh Edition), and cancer-directed therapies. Measures for cancer care were collected at six-months after completing cancer-directed therapies (with exception of hormonal or targeted treatment) using ICD-9 or procedure codes listed in the electronic medical record.
Age was calculated at the time of cancer diagnosis. Race was categorized as white, black, or other. Cancer-related characteristics included cancer stage (Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), I, II, III) [22], type of cancer-directed therapy (radiation and chemotherapy), type of surgery (lumpectomy vs mastectomy), reconstructive surgery, and the Charlson comorbidity index [23].
Using the abstracted electronic medical record data, a composite outcome defined as the sum of all health conditions was generated and then categorized into BrCa survivors that had zero versus one or more health conditions(s). Values of zero signified the ability to perform community/home based exercise. Values of one or more signified the potential need for further medical evaluation. Means and standard deviations, and t-tests were used to describe and compare continuous variables. Frequencies and proportions, and chi-square tests were used to describe and compare categorical variables. Univariate logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression models were used to quantify odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). For all covariates, we had ≥80% statistical power to detect odds ratios 1.6. We also conducted sensitivity analyses that excluded common health conditions among BrCa survivors including hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, morbid obesity (Body Mass Index ≥40 kg/m2), and hyperlipidemia [24, 25]. P<0.05 was statistically significant. All analyses were performed using SAS® (version 9.4).
A total of 1,520 BrCa survivors were identified with having the requisite six-month follow up data. Among those ineligible: 93 had stage IV (metastatic) BrCa; 449 had missing BMI measures; three were ≥90 years; and 308 were excluded due to missing baseline treatment-related characteristics. Overall, 667 BrCa survivors met all inclusion criteria. BrCa survivors included in the analytic sample were younger (55.7±12.3 vs 58.0±12.3; P<0.001) and were more likely to be treated with mastectomy (57.9% vs 38.7%, P<0.001), compared to those who were excluded, respectively. The racial and cancer stage distribution of the excluded women were like women included in the analysis (results not shown).
Among the 667 survivors who met all inclusion criteria, the mean age at diagnosis was 55.0±12.3 years. Age ranged from 24 to 89 (Table 1). Most women were white (74%); 19% had ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); 47.1% had stage I disease; 25% had stage II disease; and 9% stage III disease. Forty-three percent were treated with breast conserving therapy (lumpectomy); 44% were treated with chemotherapy; 39% were treated with radiation; and approximately 30% completed reconstructive surgery.
The prevalence of individual and system-specific health conditions, which may suggest the potential need for further medical evaluation, varied widely (Table 2). Health conditions with the highest prevalence included hypertension (10.6%), morbid obesity (7.5%), thyroid disease (6.7%), anemia (6.0%), and diabetes (4.2%). The median number of health conditions was zero and ranged from 0 to 5 (Figure 1 (a)). Sixty-five percent of the study population had no identified health conditions, 26.1% had one, 6% had two, and 3% had three or more of the selected health conditions.
In sensitivity analysis, we excluded health conditions common among BrCa survivors including hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, morbid obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2), and hyperlipidemia. In this sensitivity analysis, the median number of health conditions was zero and ranged from 0 to 5 (Figure 1 (b)). Seventy-five percent of the study population had no identified health conditions, 18.7% had one, 3.1% had two, and 2.8% had three or more of the selected health issues.
Older age, black race, treatment with chemotherapy, and treatment with radiation were variables associated with being less likely to be able to participate community/home-based exercise in the univariate logistic regression model (Table 3). Conversely, having a mastectomy or having reconstructive surgery was independently associated with being more likely to be able to perform community/home-based unsupervised exercise. In multivariate-adjusted logistic regression, older age (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99; P =0.015), black race (versus white) (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.30-0.64; P<0.001) treatment with chemotherapy (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.43-0.87; P=0.007) and treatment with radiation (OR: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49-0.98; P=0.039) were interpedently associated with being less likely to be able to participate community/home-based exercise. Results were similar in the sensitivity analysis that excluded common health issues among from the composite outcome (results not shown).
The principal finding of this study is that approximately 65% of BrCa survivors may be able to participate community/home-based exercise at the dose suggested by the ACSM/ACS/NCCN clinical guidelines, six-months after completion of their cancer-directed therapies. A second important finding is that BrCa survivors who were older, of black race, were treated with chemotherapy or radiation were more likely to potentially need further medical evaluation prior to engaging in community/home-based exercise. These results in BrCa complement the previously-described relationship examining the ability to prescribe community/home-based exercise among endometrial and colorectal survivors [19, 20]. The discussion herein will compare and contrast our results with these prior studies [19, 20], and review the clinical implications of our new findings.
Our finding that 65% of BrCa survivors could be able to participate in community/home-based exercise is in contrast to prior studies that suggest as few as 14% of endometrial and 21% of colorectal cancer survivors could be able to participate community/home-based exercise [19, 20]. Potential explanations for these differences might include differences in patient age and BMI. The median age at the diagnosis of colorectal cancer is 71 years [26], which is 15 years older than the median age in our sample. Older age is often accompanied by an increased burden of comorbid health conditions among cancer survivors [27]. Therefore, contrasts in age of cancer diagnosis may explain, in part, the differences in estimates between BrCa and colorectal cancer survivors. A higher BMI is associated with an increased risk for endometrial cancer development; consequently, up to 38% of endometrial cancer survivors are morbidly obese (BMI≥35 kg/m2) [28]. This contrasts with our data, where 7.5% of BrCa survivors were morbidly obese. In our sample, older age was associated with a lower likelihood of being able to participate in community/home-based exercise. This is consistent with previous findings in colorectal and endometrial cancer [19, 20]. However, an unanticipated finding that was not observed in colorectal and endometrial cancer was that black BrCa survivors were 56% less likely to be able to participate community/home-based exercise program compared to white BrCa survivors. This observation is consistent with prior reports that suggest black BrCa survivors may have more comorbid health conditions at the time of their BrCa diagnosis compared to white BrCa survivors [29].
As outlined in the introduction, there are multiple established benefits of exercise among BrCa survivors. Observational studies suggest that increased volumes of post-diagnosis physical activity may be associated with a lower risk of BrCa recurrence and BrCa specific mortality [4, 8]. In addition, randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that exercise improves bone health, cardiovascular fitness, and preserves physical functioning [30-33]. Randomized trials have also demonstrated that exercise reduces cancer-specific side effects such as musculoskeletal symptoms from hormonal breast cancer therapies, lymphedema, and cancer-related fatigue [6, 30, 34].
Given the above-described benefits of exercise for BrCa survivors, it is important that healthcare providers encourage their patients to participate in regular exercise. The provider recommendation is reported by patients as one of the biggest catalysts to promote behavior change [35]; however only 25% of providers recommend exercise to their patients [17]. Healthcare providers often cite the lack of an infrastructure to refer patients [36], and patients often cite uncertainty about what types of exercise are safe, and how to commence or sustain an exercise program [35]. Although 65% of BrCa survivors may be able to participate community/home-based exercise, it is noteworthy that 35% of BrCa may require additional resources to enable their safe participation in an exercise program. Thirty-five percent of the approximate three-million BrCa survivors currently living in the United States translates to approximately one-million women for whom there may be value for further medical evaluation prior to engaging in community/home-based exercise [37, 38]. Given the large number of BrCa survivors (and other types of cancer survivors) who may benefit from referral, there exists an urgent need to train health and fitness professionals with the knowledge, skills, abilities, and sources that are necessary to safely individualize and implement exercise programs that are appropriate for the unique needs of cancer survivors. Our data can also be leveraged to guide healthcare providers in the identification of the subset of patients who may benefit from further medical evaluation prior to engaging in community/home-based exercise.
There are several limitations that should be acknowledged to add context to our findings. One major limitation is the potential lack of generalizability. This is a cross-sectional study in one university healthcare system. Estimates for the prevalence of common health issues such as hypertension and diabetes were lower in our sample population than estimates found in prior studies using national data matched for age and race [39]. These discrepancies may be attributed to the observation that the included hospitals are large tertiary care centers, and the characteristics of BrCa survivors that are treated in this health system may not reflect characteristics of BrCa survivors treated in the community setting across the United States. Additionally, although all necessary information required for the ACSM/ACS/NCCN guidelines for exercise prescription was available in this population, our analyses were limited to what was found in the electronic medical record. It is therefore possible that common, but non-malignant health issues were not systematically recorded in the electronic medical record. Our exploratory logistic regression models had sufficient statistical power to detect effects as small as 1.6. It is plausible that smaller, yet still clinically important effects may have been missed. Another limitation is that over 50% of our sample size were lost to exclusion criteria. The women in the analytic sample were significantly younger. The younger age of our analytic sample may make our estimates conservative. Based on these limitations, it is plausible that our results may overestimate the percentage of BrCa survivors for whom oncologists could safely prescribe community/home based exercise.
Conversely, there are several strengths to this study such as a large sample size, which allowed us to have sufficient statistical power to examine demographic and clinical correlates. Our sample included 28% non-white BrCa survivors, which improves the demographic generalizability of our sample to the broader population of BrCa survivors in the United States. Our data were abstracted from the electronic medical record following a systematic search process that has been validated [19, 20].
In conclusion, our findings suggest that 65% to 75% of BrCa survivors may be able to participate community/home-based exercise at the dose suggested by the ACSM/ACS/NCCN clinical guidelines, six-months after completing cancer-directed therapies. BrCa survivors who were older, of the black race, received chemotherapy, and received radiation, may benefit from further medical evaluation prior to engaging in community/home-based exercise. Although the prescription of exercise to cancer survivors is complex and multifaceted, beyond that of the presence or absence of comorbid health conditions, these data are the first steps in providing support for continued research to empirically determine the efforts necessary to safely prescribe exercise to the three-million BrCa survivors living in the United States.
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| Table 1. Demographic and clinical variables | ||
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