Personalised cancer treatment – known markers and what they mean for treatment
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Known markers and what they mean for treatment
Diagnostic and prognostic markers
Personalised, targeted and hormonal treatments all depend on genetic mutations that can be identified in cancer cells to be effective. These mutations are sometimes referred to as “markers”. The markers can manifest through over-expression, lack of expression or mutated expression of specific proteins.
Some markers can be targeted using specific treatments whereas some can act as measurements for disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment response.
The genes listed below have all been associated in cancer, the majority of which can also be treated.
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Known marker |
Cancers they’re associated with / may benefit from targeted therapy |
Related treatment/response to treatment |
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ALK[EB1] – anaplastic lymphoma kinase (*) |
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AR – androgen receptor |
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BRAF – v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 |
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BRCA1 – breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 |
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BRCA2 – breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 |
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c-Kit/CD117/SCFR – mast stem cell factor receptor (*) |
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c-MET/HGFR – mesenchymal epithelial transition factor/hepatocyte growth factor receptor |
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COX-2/PTGS2 – cyclooxygenase-2/ prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 |
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EGFR/ErbB-1/HER1 – epidermal growth factor receptor (*) |
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ER – oestrogen receptor (*) |
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ERCC1 – excision repair cross-complementation group 1 |
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HER2/HER2neu/ErbB-2 – human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (*) |
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KRAS – Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (*) |
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MGMT – O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase |
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MRP1 – multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 |
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PGP – p-glycoprotein |
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PIK3CAα – phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha |
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PR – progesterone receptor (*) |
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PTEN – phosphatase and tensin homolog |
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RRM1– ribonucleotide reductase subunit M1 |
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SPARC – secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine |
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TLE3 – transducin-like enhancer of split |
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TOPO2α – topoisomerase IIα |
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TS – thymidylate synthetase |
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TUBB3 – Class III -tubulin |
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(*) – Targetable genes and proteins that can also be measured to determine treatment response, cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
The following markers are all related to diagnosis, prognosis and treatment progress.
|
Known marker |
Associated cancer |
Role |
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α (alpha)-fetoprotein |
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Germ cell tumour staging, prognosis, response to treatment Liver cancer diagnosis, response to treatment |
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β (beta)-2-microglobulin |
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Prognosis, response to treatment |
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β (beta)-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) |
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Staging, prognosis, response to treatment |
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BCR-ABL fusion gene |
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Diagnosis, disease status monitoring |
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BRAF (mutation V600E) |
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Response to targeted treatment |
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CA15-3/CA27.29 |
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Treatment success, disease recurrence |
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CA19-9 |
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Treatment success |
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CA-125 |
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Diagnosis, treatment response, disease recurrence |
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Calcitonin |
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Diagnosis, treatment success, disease recurrence |
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
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Breast cancer recurrence, treatment response Colorectal disease advance |
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CD20 |
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Response to targeted treatment |
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Chromogranin A (CgA) |
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Diagnosis, treatment response, disease recurrence |
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Chromosomes 3, 7, 17, 9p21 |
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Disease recurrence |
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Cytokeratin fragments 21-1 |
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Disease recurrence |
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Fibrin/fibrinogen |
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Treatment response |
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Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) |
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Disease progression, disease recurrence |
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Immunoglobulins (antibodies) |
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Diagnosis, treatment response, disease recurrence |
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Lactate dehydrogenase |
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Staging, prognosis, treatment response |
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Nuclear matrix protein 22 |
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Treatment response |
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) |
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Grading, treatment planning |
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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
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Diagnosis, treatment response, disease recurrence |
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Thyroglobulin |
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Treatment response, disease recurrence |
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Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) |
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Grading, treatment planning |
Cancer markers can help with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and can give access to targeted therapies.
Cancer markers, genetic markers, diagnostic markers, drug target markers
Checked Sep 2014
CIGNPOST: KNOWN MARKERS AND WHAT THEY MEAN FOR TREATMENT© Cignpost Ltd 2014PAGE | 1
[EB1]If these are genes not proteins then they should be in italics
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