Changes in Antarctic Lakes/Ice/Volcanoes
The progressive changes in the ice sheets are linked to the changes in climate change because of the underlying factor that control nature, heat. Heat is the bi-product of energy; however, if supplied at constant rate, creation and evolution would never have taken place. Diversity as presented remains a vital agenda. However, nature has its own means of controlling the use of energy, in particular, the controlling of the emission of CO2, which is a common waste of most living things. However, due to the increased consumption of one particular creature, human beings, there have been excess of hydrocarbons. These have ended up destroying the ozone layer, hence emitting significant amount of heat. Also, the report will be covering how the Sun heat relates with others. There are important graphs in the report clearing showing the interrelationship of human activities and the warming of Antarctica. The goal of the report is to show that we should care, as an abstract procedure of reverting the awaiting doom of Antarctica.
Currently, there has been a centralized
debate on the definitions of climate change. Climate change can be defined as
the long lasting statistical distribution of weather patterns over a given
period of time. According to Allgor (71)[1],
Climate change is caused by biotic process and close variations in solar
radiation tendencies received by plate tectonic and volcanic eruptions. The
debate has focused keenly on the role played by human factors through
industrializations and global warming tendencies. Human factors play a
significant role since in their artificial contribution to natural process. In
this case, human factors are a result of demands instigated by an expanded
population which needs significant resources, natural and artificial for their
sustenance. The study focuses on core human activities for instance, oil, coal,
natural gas and other poisonous explorations, and how their exploration are
causing distortions in the Antarctic. Other factors examined were global
warming, global dimming, deforestation and global dimming in polluting
colluding the environmental causing one, destruction of ozone layer, – a layer
that regulate combustion between earth and the sun, and poisonous
precipitation.
Research has focused on the comparison of past, present and future climate change tendencies. Analysis generated from the research has often apprehended the geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles McMullen and Jabbour (29)[2] stated that there has been a significant removal of accumulation of ice and floral and faunal records. Other close analysis has examined “glacial and peri-glacial tendencies, stable isotope and the occurrence of sediment layers” (Gutt, 37)[3]. Recent data has examined in deep lengths on general circulation models of different categories of glacial development. The resultant process from this analysis have attempted to relate irregular global tendencies; for instance, the occurrence of ice melting, rising sea and ocean levels, reduction of snow caps in mountains, “prolonged draught spells and el-Niño rainfall as results of climate change. The term of climate change has evolved to a practical reference global warming. This description explains on the various changes affecting the South Pole continent of Antarctica.
Chart 1: Recent Sea
Level Rise
Antarctic lakes, ice and volcanoes are geographical
regions found in the Antarctic continent located on the South Pole, which is directly
opposite the North Pole arctic region. The continent comprises of the Antarctic
plate which is a composition of ice shelves, island and waters. Before
proceeding further, we note that Antarctic has a very severe and harsh
environment, primarily because of its proximity on the globe as well as the
number of tectonic plates. The Australian plate connects the region on the
East, the Nazca plate on the West, the Pacific plate on the south, the African
plate on the North, South American plate on the North West, while the Somali
plate on North East[4].
Still on the North West, there are three baby plates, Scotia plate and,
Sandwich plate and the Shetland plate[5].
Due to the intense collision of these plates, there has been intense volcanic
activity. Hence, in Antarctic there are a range of volcanoes, and lakes covered
which a dense ice sheet.
Antarctica is the
coldest, driest, and wildest, driest and windiest place on earth with ice
covering 2,160 meters. Antarctica is close to 14 million square kilometers[6].
The ice sheet is close to 4,776 meters with a total percentage surrounding to
almost 70 percent.
There are several lakes in Antarctica, with largest lake
being Lake Vostok covering an astonishing 6,058mi2. The other notable lakes
include Lake Whillans and Lake Ellsworth. The total number of lakes is in
hundreds however the exact number is yet to be established. Most of these lakes
are tectonic lakes given that they naturally border Polar Regions of the
properly compared and relatively young age for the most high latitude
lakes.
According to multiple records by NASA, the new Antarctic
ice records reflect on the possible complexity and diversity of the Earth
environment. Although there were earlier claims that the Antarctic ice sheet
was declining, NASA claims that the volume could be growing changing.
Initially, in 1970s the total volume of ice has been declining by 28,800 square
miles annually. In fact, since 1979, the Antarctic sea ice has exceeded by 7.72
million square kilometers. From 1981 to 2010, the average maximum has stood at
7.24 million square miles. As per Sept 22, 2016, the total Ice covered was 7.76
million presenting an increase from 1979 Antarctic ice extent for 7.72 million
square miles[7].
Figure 1: Relationships of Ice and Land
Although ice has buried significant amount of volcano,
molten rock is still erupting is still below the ice. The volcanoes existing
beneath the ice through a giant amount of ice help in relating to the plate
boundary of the rift landscape. The following is a list of volcanic mountains
in Antarctica Mount Erebus, Mount Sidley, Peter Island, Mount Melbourne,
Bridgeman Island, Mount Terror, and Toney Mountain.
The ice sheet is 90 percent of the World Ice. The Ice is
divided into Transantractic Mountains, the EAIS covering the bigger percentage
of the Eastern side and a smaller warmer WAIS covering much of the west. The
EAIS receives 5 centimeters for water in a year. The Antarctica is the windiest
places in the world with winds reaching to 50mph; the highest records are
200mph. The Transantarctic Mountains divides the continent into two, primarily
the Antarctic Peninsula of the mountains. When the sun is the overhead the
North, the Sea ice covers almost 10 feet in the continent creating a belt 300
to 900 miles. However, during the summer, the belt reduces 90 to 500 miles. The
Trans-Antarctic mountain are placed across the continent The Antarctica
peninsula has several mountains with the tallest being Vinson Massif standing
at 16,066 feet above sea level.
Chart 1: Temperature
Changes in the Peninsula
Antarctica is currently been controlled by the joint
treaty of Antarctica signed in 1959 by 12 members state who include Chile,
Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Norway and United Kingdom. However, the
elective rights are distributed where some treaty claim that they can make a
claim. However, the interests of each party are protected by Article IV of the
Treaty. Under the treaty, the power constitutes the ability of asserting,
denying, or making a claim to the territorial grounds and the sovereignty of Antarctica
which creates a possible sovereignty in Antarctica[8].
The Antarctic Treaty puts aside the possible potential conflict for the
sovereignty. The most important provisions of the treaty include, creating
peaceful purposes for the first article. The second is creating freedom for
investigation; the third treaty looks on the possible scientific observations,
while the final promotes the objectives that ensure observations and governance
of resources. The four treaties seek on looking for a lasting decision on the
possible destructive effects based on the changes that Antarctica is causing.
In the past, present and likely in the
future, there will be possible future changes of ice sheet. Antarctica was part
of the Grand Godwana continent, a composition of the joined now South America,
Africa, Middle East, Asia, Antarctica with Madagascar and Sri Lanka as Sandwich
Island. The land was flourishing with ever rich biodiversity that is before the
Ice Age[9].
However, the glacial periods began in Pleistocene Epoch. In the next 200 years,
Antarctica became isolated to the very south and temperatures dropped
significantly creating a large ice sheet. The glacial and interglacial cycles
are primarily because of the emergence of various glacial phases. The warm and
the cold oscillation are because of the changes in temperature primarily
resulting in the reduction of ice. Currently, there lacks a perfect balance,
that is during the winter there lacks a perfect accumulation as before, while
during the summer, the ice melts at a much faster rate.
From the figure below, it is clear that the
presence of warm colors indicates the possibly high concentration of 0-1
degrees. The Antarctic Peninsula creates a rift on the Western Ross Sea Region
where very few grid points of the negative values that helps in identifying
climatology progress. The statistics are calculated based on seasonal or annual
means. The negative CE is the values on the Antarctic Peninsula Ronne Ice Shelf
Region[10].
In Victoria Land for instance, the problem is the complex of the topography
which is contributed to the radiosonde programming and the soviet station for
the right consistency and the possible analysis. The topographic features are
related to the lower skills for the reconstruction and the region.
The statistics are reflective to the independent
observation placed within a grid point of reconstructions and reanalysis. The
full-reconstruction statistics is with respect to the different observed and
data and calibration period for the different temperature records that relate
to the different data analysis.
It is important to study the Antarctic
climatic changes because there have been significant changes in the natural
ecosystem. Western Peninsula and Northern peninsula Antarctic peninsula are the
one of the fastest areas warming arm. The rising temperature is primarily
responsible for a huge climate change impact which has resulted to a uniform
influence on the ice extent. As a result, biodiversity and ecology have been
heavily disrupted leading to a measurable influence on wildlife[11].
There are 5 major ice shelves. They include West Ice Shelf, Shackleton Ice
Shelf, Ross Ice Shelf, Ronne Ice Shelf, and the now seemingly exiting Larsent B
Ice Sheet. There have been findings indicating that the eastern peninsula has
gained close to the 60 billion metric turns of ice per year. Given that inner
Antarctic has been cooling to a greater precipitation which means that the area
global warming trend predicts that warming is not parallel in all places.
However, findings indicate that the extensive areas where snow melt is being
felt are the west not the east.
In any case, the effect is widely distributed in the
atmosphere. Drawing back from the problem of Antarctica, it is clear that the
Western peninsula is receiving loss amounts of ice primarily because of its
attitude. Looking carefully, there seem to be a major distinction between the
EAIS and the WAIS. The western side of Antarctica seems to be experiencing a
higher degree of warm sea waters, as they climb down the rift they become cool,
finally condensing at the EAIS.
Key
Figure 1: The
temperature of summer in Antarctica
Figure 2: Antarctica without Ice
(Cbc, 2017)[12]
The photo above is a perfect example of how the
Antarctica landscape looks if snow did not exists in the first place. It is
also notable that there are a number of huge mountains at the edge of the
western peninsula which is directly before the artists’ eye angle. From the
figure 2.1 previous figures, it is clear that western peninsula will exhaust
all its ice in a few decades primarily because of the sporadic temperature
changes. Hence, based on our Heat Growth Theory established in this research,
it can be proven that the eastern ice sheet will experience a much faster rate
of loosing snow.
Heat Changes in
Antarctica
Figure 1, explained the annual heating trends in the
Antarctica, however, these trends are not constant and in most cases variations
arises progressively. The heat statistics conducted below are explaining the
changes in the four main seasons, Winter, Autumn, Sumner and Spring. However,
in some cases, there are variations based on the lengths of days, the amount of
rainfall and winds.
Figure 4: DJF
The picture below
explains how winter used to be 100 years ago during the 1880s. During those
times, winter lasted from April to Early September. The average temperatures
are between 30 degrees Celsius. The nights are very long and day time short.
Figure 5: MAM
The second figure
explains the present condition in Antarctica. The WAIS can be seen as warm as
+15-+19 degrees celicus, while the EAIS seem to have warmed up during the last
decade due to the changes of the climatic conditions.
Figure 3:
Figure 3 explains
the nature of winters in 1945 as you can see the WAIS has warmed up, as well
the deadly zones in the EAIS have continuously changed progressively.
Figure 7: SON
The figure below
explains the nature and climatic conditions of winter during the 1970s. As you
can see some zones of the EAIS are still considerably cold with temperatures
dropping to negative 30 degrees on usual days. The WAIS has considerably warmed
up with time.
Figure 8: 1990s
The figure below
explains the nature of changes in climatic conditions during the 80s and the
early 90s. The white zones shows that at the moment some sections registered
huge drops in temperatures.
It is necessary to establish the various
determinants that have ground weather changes in Antarctica. In this case, the
lucid identification of Antarctica geographical factors is a genuine concept
(Okumura, 49). Firstly, the continent is affected with three different types of
climates; these implying animals are affected differently, due to the various
categories of climate change affecting Antarctica – see next discussion. Secondly, it is lucid to appreciate The
figure below explores the annual and seasons temperature trends from 1959-2012.
It is clear that that WAIS has been experiencing mild but consistent
temperature changes with time. The darks red zones show the areas that have
experienced the heaviest change. The largest peninsula in the continent is the
East Antarctica Ice Sheet (EAIS)[13].
The region reaches a deep height of 4,000 meters and holds up to 60 meters of
global sea level. In fact, this region has recorded the deepest Ice Drill in
history implying it is actually the coldest region on earth, with the coldest
temperature ever recorded at -89[14].
Ice sheets in this particular region are as result of growing showers during
Snowfall and significant loss due to edge melting tendencies. The total change
in Mass balance also implies a significant contribution to global climate
factor due to the consideration of the aspect rising sea levels. Actually, EAIS
is one of the red marked regions which can result to significant rising sea
levels, and the direct implication of this means there are dire consequences
affecting the west part where most animals reside along the ocean coast.
The Greenland – Sized west Antarctic Ice
Sheet makes about twenty percent of total land mass of the Antarctic. This
region stores at least six meters of global sea level, however, this region has
significant contribution to the aspect of global warming and posing threat to
its inhabitants (Okumura, 79). Firstly, WAIS is significantly lower than EAIS meaning,
it is susceptible to the succession cyclones which transport moist warm water,
implying that WAIS may become much warmer, therefore, posing a significant
threat to its inhabitants. Again, another significant threat posed by global
warming in consideration of WAIS, is the fact that WAIS ice sheets are below
sea level[15].
This is potentially dangerous since ocean water conduct heat absorbed by
increased sea temperatures. Unlike EAIS, WAIS glaciers are stored under the
normal sea levels, implying increased melting will directly affecting Seals
whose natural habitation is along ocean banks.
The Antarctic Peninsula is the finger which
is viewed at the very north west of Antarctica. This region is about 4 percent
of Antarctica but does not experience rapid climate change[16].
During summer, temperature often rich melting points, and in fact, the mountains
spans have a resounding melting points, the glaciated mountains spine in
northern Peninsula and the region is characterized with Alpine glaciers;
however, while considering the general threat to inhabitants of this region, it
is lucid to consider that global warming has caused a retreat of glaciers
towards this region, in this case the region should be considered as a threat
as well.
The above description for Antarctica is a perfect example
that our planet is in a huge problem of global warming. Antarctica is just a
starter example of what is happening globally concerning the problem of global
warming. For many species, the climate where they live or spend part of the
year influences key stages of their annual life cycle, such as migration,
blooming, and reproduction. As winters have become shorter and milder, the
timing of these events has changed in some parts of the country:
We should care because Antarctica plays an
important role in the global ecosystem, if Antarctica today losses its
biodiversity a number of factors might end up influencing the region
negatively. This section analyzes
different animals in Antarctica. The continent and globe in general is
inhabitant basically by all classes, mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish.
Common animals include Orcas which are Killer
whales and live amid pack-ice areas of WAIS.
Weddel Seal, found in southern parts of the Sea, they happen to be the
most challenged animals in the continent[17]. Rockhopper Penguins these are penguins which
stand between 16 to 18 inches tall and weigh around 6 pounds, they are
estimated to be around 3.5 million in pairs[18].
Leopard seal, named for its similar colors with normal leopards. These animals
are predators and often hunt Adelie Penguins for their survival. Unlike other seals the leopard seal uses its
fore-flippers while swimming[19].
Another animal is the Black-browed Albatross; this animal can be distinguished
from its distinctive of white head and neat black bow.
The animal weighs around 10 pounds and has a wingspan
of up to eight feet. The blue whale, named for its blue gray color and it’s
actually the largest animal on land, the animal can stretch up to 33 feet and
weighs 120 tons[20].
The Adelie and the Emperor Penguines is the most unique animal on the continent
, firstly, the male gather rocks to build the nests while female contest for
the males[21]. The Crabeater seal, is the most agile of all
seals and can dive up to 470 feet making a killing within minutes of departure,
its favorite food is Antarctic Krils.
The Arctic polar bear is one of the mammals residing in the continent;
its primary source food is hunting. The Antarctic Shaq is a bad which is a predator
fisher and catch through diving. The fur seal is the most aggressive seal
amongst the seal families. Finally, the emperor penguin is the biggest of the
17 penguins’ species, they can way up to 100 pounds and they produce within the
harsh Antarctic winter[22].
Other animals include Ross Seal, sea turtles, Chinstrap Penguin and Southern
Elephant Seal, Wandering Albatross.
The necessity of knowing these animals is the
required identification of how these animals depend on each other for a
plethora of factors. Primarily, these animals either depend on each for food or
deep on the environment. In either case, environmental degradation affects
these animals in various categories.
North America temperature increases with the changes in
habitual ranges. Over recent times, the changes in Western Peninsula of
Antarctica have experienced changes in both land and aquatic environment which
has been narrowed done to a range of expansion. This means that there is a
close expansion for various species. The increased competition, range reduction
and the species progress reflect on the northern limit that is suitable for the
habitat. These factors lead to the development various extinction of both
animals and plants that are results of ranges in the vegetative biomes that is
projected to operate widely across the northern America.
Outside Antarctica there have been evidence indicating
the possible migratory of close to almost 28 bird species of the United States.
It is also clear that North eastern birds return to Southern United States, 2
weeks prior to how they used to do 100 years ago[23].
The species are only naturally reacting to the temperature changes that are a
result of mismatches of migration, food availability and pest avoidance. Also,
the migration changes with the changes in growth and survival mechanisms,
primarily reproduction and food sources.
Besides, the globe has begun changing as waters around
the Antarctica have been increasing. The regions are a perfect result of the
changes of the ecosystems that present wide opportunities for hunting and
fishing. However, the warm waters, has been alienating the coldwater fish which
is a composition of salmon species who are greatly losing their habitat. If the
current trends continue, the species will lose trout population that will be
exceeding close to 60 percent.
Apart from food web disruptions, climate change[24]
in Antarctica has gradually affected planet. The human caused issue will result
to an imminent environmental issues resulting to a change in the primary
habitat. Pellegrini argues that changes
in Antarctica and the globe in general are a general result of the human
related for the issues relating to the planet changes as well having a profound
impact on the environment. By far large, the destruction of Antarctica results
to the various conditions encouraging human beings and animals to seeks for
alternative feeding grounds[25].
The wetlands provide possible essential breeding
habitation areas for the most waterfowl species. Nonetheless, the permanently
warmer provide drier future that leads to a threshold change dramatic dropping
potholes which present waterfowl population while providing an essential
breeding habitat permanently warmer, drier future which might lead to a
possible threshold change based on the dramatic increase of waterfowl
populations.
Changes in Antarctica lakes, ice, and volcanic activities
have a profound impact on earth environment through the resultant human
activities. In any case, the possible potential changes will have a profound
impact on the earth for instance rising seas. The concerns and the
environmental management present most reputable damage through which results to
the changes and the future changes in environment.
The world non fresh and fresh waters are experiencing
overfishing. There are technologies already in place to see that they fish near
the Antarctica as many fish species migrate to the Antarctica because of the
large foods species. However, the changes in the environment around Antarctica
means that food resource will be limited in the area.
The changes Antarctica climate results might to the
emergence of new species types. These species might invade Antarctica in the
near future. The consequence of global warming indicates that animals will be
required to changing their breeding and feeding habits given that a new
predator – human beings – will cause a huge impact on the environment.
Changes in Antarctica will result to the disruption of
the Antarctica ecosystems because humans’ beings will begin migrating to
Antarctica to explore more opportunities for more resources. In their
exploration, the pressure on the EAIS might increase leading to more ice melting.
The process leads to the increase in sea level rises.
Globally, especially in industrialized countries,
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) has been in heavy production. The consequence of the
ozone layer depletion as evidenced in the Antarctic is a clear that the entire
globe is experiencing a major increase in heat. This brings a great loss on the
birds, marine and fish mammals. The graph below shows the estimated CO2
emissions from the years 400,000 BC to present.
Chart 3: Changes of Global Carbon dioxide emissions
Nestle strategic
goals are to lead the Australian market, in relation confectionary industry.
Besides, the company endeavors to provide competitive brands, based on lower
cost products but increased quality on average.
There climatic changes lead to the destruction of the
ecosystems and the possible the utterances of species breeding or feeding
grounds, this is a perfect example of a major extinction event happening.
Antarctica is a replica as well as the possible cause of the future extinction.
The earth is currently experiencing the Holocene extinction event which began
at the end of the last glacial period. The last major extinction event was the
Cretaceous-Paleocene extinction event which happened 66 million years ago[26].
The extinction event wiped out most of the major species. Researchers affiliated
to the University of California, have proved that Holocene epoch is occurring
primary because of human activity (Ucmp, 2017). Unlike any other ever lived
creature, human beings have influenced nature to abnormal conditions. The
Holocene has resulted to the disappearance of the Megafauna. Most importantly,
the human population growth in the last 12 thousand years has been a
correlation between the extinction of the megafauna.
In particular,
agriculture, mining and manufacturing have been directly responsible for the
upward increase in environmental degradation. These are just a perfect example
of natural competition that is embedded in the complex dynamics of life where
there is a close relationship between population size and the possible
territorial alterations. Clearly, the global rates of species extinctions are
almost exceeding the natural rates because of the huge impact caused by the
decline of breeding and feeding areas. The declining feeding grounds of the sea
habitats in the Antarctica just indicate or signify the upcoming major
extinction event.
Besides, the possible exploration and exploitation of
oil, gas and other mineral reserves is primarily responsible in increase of
nitrate in the air. The increase in exploitation of mining and manufacturing
technologies leads to releases of these gases in the air. CFC is a
bi-production of carbon[27]
monoxide which a gas that results from the burning of different fuels in the
air. Carbon monoxide is released when engines burn most fossil fuels. The
emissions are higher when engines are not tuned to the proper composition.
Nitrogen dioxide a dark or reddish brown gas is the product of burning fossil
fuels. Most of it is emitted from plants and cars which is a direct result of
air reacting to the high temperatures. Sulfuric dioxide is also another major
production which results to the smelly low levels and rotten egg for high
levels. Sulfur dioxide comes from burning oil and coal that process a number of
chemicals. Lead is also produced in high quantities. Lead is highly toxic as well
results to the contamination of the old pipes. The Antarctic Treaty recognizes
the dangerous effect of these minerals leading to the exploitation.
Antarctica
changes are an important research question of global impacts of the industrialized
world which leads to the changes of the maritime environment. The issue is
emerging in Antarctica and is spreading gradually but meticulously across the
globe. The Antarctic for instance the fastest development of regional climate
which has not been found a other place on Earth. The average temperatures have
rose by at least 0.9°C annually. Globally, the change might have a direct
impact on the Antarctic environment for fauna and flora which resulted to the
contribution of the breaking of ice shelves for the habitat. The abstract
changes in Antarctic can therefore be used to reflect on the possible changes
in the flora and the fauna globally. As illustrated, the flora and fauna have
been the immediate culprits of the changes of the ice sheet. The figure below attempts to the compare the
changes in global temperatures from 1880-2014.
Chart 3: Global Temperatures
Climatologists assigned to the institute of O’Day, originally produced a chart comparing the differences between the annual mean and the baseline means of different anomalies (Shah, 2015). The chart shows the progress of global temperature based on the numerous NASA updates. The temperature anomalies provide the right consistency of the negative anomalies which record a global temperature if warmed. It is clear that 1880-1937, the temperature was below 0. However, an interesting finding have been registered from 1939-1945. This was because of the negative impact of World War II. During this time, there were more toxic reactions released from a number of deadly weapons. Soon after world war, the next 5 years were characterized with below 0 degrees. The base period of 1950-1980, was the genesis of industrialization. From 1980-to the current time, the temperature has been increasing primarily because of the increase greenhouse emissions, a fact that has been parallel to the changes in the Antarctica.
Chart 1: Global Green Gas Emission
The following data
was generated from the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change. The data was
part of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change which was based on the
Second Assessment Report (SAR). The data shows how methane, hydrocarbons and
nitrates lead in the overall gas emissions. There were three assessment
conducted. Each of the assessment reflected diverse reasons[28].
The three assessment indicated taht HFC-23 Trifluoremethane and
Perfluromethane, and Perfluroethane as the leading gas emissions. Also,
Perfluoropentane and Perflurobutate reflected an increase in the overall
emissions. Another included perfluorohexane and HFC were still the major
emissions. In this case, each of these performances ranged differently from the
various assessments.
Climate changes in Antarctica disturb the perfect ecological [29] conditions that support the normal ecological precision. As a result, the flora and the fauna are directly affected by the possible parasites, diseases and other potentially serious effects on agriculture, human health and fisheries. These effects lead to the extension of parasitic that result to the expansion of the winter conditions that are affecting to the average winter temperature. The climatic change on agriculture lead to the huge changes in the supply chain impacts as well as have a profound impact on human health.
Antarctica is a vital area in the face of the
planet, and human should consider protecting its natural habitat and not
destroying. This document has established how Antarctic animals are severely
affected by rapid changes in climate changes. In particular, the document has
examined rising temperature and the ice breaking mechanism as direct
consequences which institutionalize challenges on aggregate. The document has
inversely appointed food and animal conflict factors as the direct impacts of
climate change amid other factors. The document has terminated with lucid
recommendation on possible schemes to manage climate change.
Although efforts by the five treaty members have made tremendous efforts in curtailing climate change, the Antarctic problem is still a major global problem. On improvising possible recommendations, defenders are often basing on research and the best science to understand the full impacts of climate change. The important aspect here is conversation[30]. This can be arrived at the collective solutions through instigation of laws, and policies of funding strategies and guidelines. The Antarctic treaty should be put in close focus with the inherent consideration of global interest against natural interests. To generate immediate and quick solutions to the problem, there should be follow up to policies and laws instituted on the land. Firstly, adaption of common principles is necessary. This will ensure that there is close focus on replacing destructive trends with constructive trends. Basic principles include, avoid usage; for instance, plastic – national policy. Seek of alternative energy solution over the traditional oil hegemony. Proposal can focus on usage of ethanol from plants or hydroelectric power.
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