Prosecuting, Protecting and Preventing Human Trafficking: How does the United States Compare with other Nations?

Abstract

Global awareness of human trafficking has increased since the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. The purpose of this study is to compare recorded human trafficking incidences, occurring from 2000 to 2011, among the top fourteen wealthiest countries. Also, the study measures how often those country’s governments followed the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s recommended “3P”s model of prosecution, protection, and prevention, in combating domestic human trafficking. Wealthy countries are destination countries for human trafficking victims. For this study, a rational-choice of human trafficking will try to identify and explain the “demand” that drives modern day slavery.

Introduction

Human
trafficking is exploiting or abusing someone physically or psychologically for
profit. Common words such as modern
slavery, new slavery, forced labor; bonded labor and human trafficking are used interchangeably. Definitions vary but
the intention is the same, they all reduce human life down to a product that can be bought and sold to service the
demands of consumers from around the world. Human trafficking happens in
every country. Exploiting persons for profit can occur in someone’s home, within a community, on a farm, on a boat,
anywhere there is an opportunity to exploit people for financial gain.

Not one person on this earth goes
through a day without benefiting in some way from another human being’s misery. Slavery is not something that happens a long time
ago. Slavery touches all of our lives whether we chose to acknowledge it or not.
Sugar Plantations in Latin America have a long history of forced labor, due to
the difficulties in harvesting sugar cane.Cotton Farming in Uzbekistan utilizes
child labor and is used in brands like the GAP and Vitoria’s Secret. Rubber
Plantations in Liberia.Cobalt Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo uses
child labor. Cocoa Farms on the Ivory Coast uses forced labor; Nestle Chocolate
came out confessing they used cocoa that was harvested by forced labor, but
this was after they were flagged by a civil liberties group. Palm Oil
Plantations in Indonesia use forced labor and is responsible for supplying the
entire word with 25% of its palm oil. Dunkin Donuts and Girl Scout Cookies use
palm oil.

 The existence of human trafficking on a global
scale is horrifying. Trafficking in people is the third largest criminal
enterprise operating today, trailing close behind the illegal sale of drugs and
firearms (Everts, 2003). This study will reveal what the top fourteen richest
countries in the world are doing to combat human trafficking. The research from
the literature review will cover a country’s capacity to enforce human
trafficking laws, prosecute and convict human traffickers as well as serve and
protect human trafficking victims. There seems to be a consensus among scholars,
government officials, and human rights activists that there is no way to
measure the crime of human trafficking accurately because there is no way to
identify the problem of human trafficking accurately (Laczko & Gramegna,
2003).

As the data will reflect, there are documented trafficking crimes with real victims. Created on page 5,  is a summary of types of trafficking most prevalent in this study. The Types of Trafficking Table located below is broken into four geographical stages of trafficking (source, transit, destination and internal). Within these four geographical stages, seven types of human trafficking could have been used (prostitution, forced labor, child prostitution, child labor, domestic servitude, debt bondage and child soldiers). Trafficking types are sorted into four geographical stages where the trafficked person identifies themselves as a victim.

Statement of the Problem    

In November 2000, the United Nations adopted the Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and
Children, which defines human

Trafficking
as:

“the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the misuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitudes, or the removal of organs”.

Most studies published, focus on source countries. There is limited information on destination countries. There is no transparency in the global supply chain. There are no Awareness Programs educating consumers about foods harvested or products made in unregulated areas of the world. Social norms, government corruption, overpopulation, and poverty all contribute to the problem of human trafficking.

Need for the Study

Human
trafficking is a global challenge. For many countries across Europe, the crime
of human trafficking is the governments’ most urgent and primary concern, yet
there is still limited data collection and statistics on the subject (Laczko
& Gramegna, 2003). The International Organization for Migration in Geneva
studied this phenomenon nationally in 1998. The IOM found that twelve of the
twenty-five countries surveyed could not produce any data on cases of
trafficking in women. The following European Union countries included in this
study are Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden,
Greenland, Faroe Islands, Portugal, Great Britain, and Northern Ireland. The
following central and eastern European countries included in this survey were,
Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Ukraine. Further,
out of these twenty-five countries, they could produce only seven cases of
trafficking children (Galiana, 2000). Eleven countries supplied data on the
number of convictions for trafficking offenses with a combined less than one
hundred cases. Germany, Finland, Denmark, Austria, and the Netherlands are the
only two countries that have data on human trafficking (Laczko & Gramegna,
2003).

Purpose of the Study

The goal of this study is to discover possible patterns
correlations with wealthy countries, consumer countries and the
global demand that drive the human
trafficking market. Most research collects information on the poorest countries
the source countries of human trafficking victims. The focus of this investigation
is to look at the world’s wealthiest countries,
and their contributions or hindrances to the trafficking economy recorded human
trafficking incidences, occurring from 2000 to 2011. The study measures how
often those country’s governments followed the Trafficking Victims Protection
Act’s recommended “3P”s model of prosecution, protection, and prevention, in
combating domestic human trafficking.

 Most research on trafficking sees developing
countries, source countries for data on human trafficking. It is easy to see how such a vulnerable
population would be easy prey for traffickers. Most of the source country
studies become merely a confirmation of what is already known. More needs to be discovered about destination countries. This
study looks at the target countries of
human trafficking victims. Human trafficking is a
demand industry; the data and literature used will focus on the richest
countries in the world instead of the poorest. The nations included in the
sample are globally ranked by their highest gross domestic product (GDP) based
on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita. By using consumer countries as the
focal point, the research may reveal another perspective on the crime human
trafficking and how consumers contribute to slavery whether they are aware of
it or not.

Bouche,
Farrell, and Wittmer (2016) theorize that public opinion might influence public
policy. To test this theory, they surveyed 2000 us residents (Bouche et al.,
2016). The study was designed to evaluate public opinion, specifically the U.S.
population, on human trafficking. The first half of the survey measured the respondent’s knowledge and feelings about human
trafficking. The second part attempted to identify factors that would change
the way they thought about the issue. The research team contracted GfK
Knowledge Networks to administer a probability-based online survey to an
address-based sampling of 2000 US residents (Bouche et al., 2016).

Survey
analysis results show that even though ninety percent of respondents know that
human trafficking is a form of slavery, still Ninety-two
percent of respondents believe trafficking victims are usually female. In addition, seventy-one percent believed
smuggling and trafficking were the same things (Bouche et al., 2016). Nearly two-thirds of those polled
believe trafficking involves illegal immigrants, and fifty-nine percent think
that for a human to be, trafficked, they would need to travel across a state
line or national border. Also, they had
respondents view a fact-based public service announcement about trafficking and
emotion based public service announcement. The difference between the
participant’s responses was not significant (Bouche et al., 2016).

Recent,
legislature shows that efforts are being made by the United States, albeit
slowly, to prosecute, p protect and prevent human trafficking. In October 2000,
Congress created U visa and T visa for nonimmigrant status by passing the
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (VTVPA). U-Visas are issued to nonimmigrant victims of mental or
physical abuse who are willing to cooperate with law enforcement’s
investigation of their assault. Secondly, the issuance of T-Visa’s is to
nonimmigrant victims of human trafficking willing to cooperate with law
enforcement. In certain situations, victims of forced labor may be able to
apply for these visas as w ell (US Citizenship and Immigration Services).

The End Modern Slavery Initiative Act of 2015,
which was introduced to Congress in February 2015 Senator Corker (R) of
Tennessee, is very different from the United Kingdom’s Modern Slavery Bill
introduced to Parliament in June 2014. The United States Bill promotes the
eradication of modern-day slavery through subsidizing country’s and companies
that have/had forced slave labor to encourage them to stop exploiting humans
(Library of Congress, 2016). The United Kingdom’s Modern Slavery Bill is in
sharp contrast to the United States version of the Modern slave act. The United
Kingdom’s act is well thought out, complex, levels of punishments and fines,
multi tiers as well as considerations for the care and advocacy of trafficking
victims (Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, 2016). The United States
has none of this. They are going to form foreign alliances and starts groups
and pay corrupt countries and companies not to enslave people.

Background and Literature Review

Slavery began with the with the first civilization.
Tribes enslaved other tribes to gain resources. Kingdoms and Empires spread
out, conquering pillaging, plundering, enslaving. American’s history of slavery
began in the South before 1860.  America’s
founders were slave owners.  This slavery is
referred to as the old slavery.

Transition to New Slavery  

The
word, slavery, has become interchangeable with modern slavery, new slavery,
forced labor; bonded labor and human trafficking. Definitions may vary, but the connotation
is the same. Human trafficking force another
person either physically or psychologically financial gain.

According
to Bales (1999), two significant shifts in the physical world that separated old
slavery from new slavery. The first crucial shift was the Baby Boom of 1945,
just following the end of World War II. The world’s population tripled going
from two billion to six billion inhabitants. The second vital shift happened
shortly after the population explosion, modernization, new emerging countries,
and industrialization created a period of rapid economic growth and social
changes. New slavery and old slavery are much different in many key aspects
primarily because The overabundance of potential slaves in today’s society is what
separates old slavery from new slavery. In the human trafficking market, it is
cheaper to replace a trafficked worker than it is to preserve them. The criterion
for enslavement today does not concern color, tribe, or religion. Traffickers
look for weakness, gullibility, and deprivation. Slavery exists today, but it
is called human trafficking, forced labor, modern slavery, and new slavery.

The
largest concentration of bonded laborers, fifteen to twenty million, is in
countries, such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Bonded labor or debt
bondage occurs when vulnerable people offer themselves into slavery as security
against a loan or possibly, to pay off a debt inherited from a deceased family
member. The second largest concentration of slavery is located in Southeast
Asia, Northern and Western Africa and parts of South America. (Bales, 1999).

The
agricultural industry is responsible for the majority of forced labor around
the world. In developing nations, sugars, grains, foods harvested by forced
labor are imported directly to destination countries (Bales, 1999). Currently,
the rebuilding of areas like Iraq and Afghanistan, increase the risk that those
contractors will use forced labor to maximize their profits while performing
government contracts in these countries. To date, there are over twenty
thousand private contractors in Iraq, making them the second largest force,
which amounts to fifteen percent of United States forces on the ground (Starks,
2008).

Unlike
sex trafficking, which often involves interaction with seedy establishments and
characters, labor business operators, homeowners, and farm owners perpetuate trafficking. It is hard to provoke
moral outrage at an ordinary member of the community. Moreover, the most likely
victims of forced labor are illegally in the country. Law enforcement commonly
regards illegals as criminals rather than human trafficking victims (Zhang,
2012).

Rational Choice Theory

This study is important because it focuses on
destination countries, the buyers of products and services, not the source
countries where the victims originate. Demand for a product or service is what
drives an economy. (Wheaton, E. et al. 2010). This paper puts the focus on the
role destination countries play in the proliferation of human trafficking.

The crime of human trafficking can best be explained using
the rational choice theory (Cornish &Clarke,
1986). Traffickers are rational beings who choose to commit a crime after
weighing the costs, benefits, and risk. The theory of rational choice states
that criminal behavior, like non-criminal conduct, is not influenced or
determined by an individual’s biology, psychological state, or environment
(Cornish & Clarke, 1986; Kubrin et al., 2009). Rational choice theory is both offender and offense specific and
differentiates between crime, as an event, and criminality, as a personal trait
, which would explain the participation of professional criminals, as well as,
otherwise law-abiding citizens in the exploitation of humans for sex and labor (Cornish
& Clarke, 1986; Kubrin et al., 2009).

Rational
choice theory examines criminals’ choice of time and place of the crime and
target locations. When searching for a target, traffickers may only select street
children or runaways knowing that no one will miss them. Traffickers will
target vulnerable, naive, impoverished, neglected, people who may have been victims
of childhood sexual or physical abuse.

The
human trafficking market may dictate where trafficking victims go; into brothels, near army barracks or near a
construction site for a large-scale project that is construction site just
starting up. The concept of time is less of an issue when it comes to
trafficking for sexual exploitation; it is, however, important when it comes to
trafficking for labor exploitation. The need for seasonal workers at particular
times of the year may generate demand for cheap labor (Becker, 1968).

The
term “derived demand” is reliant upon a consumer’s demand for a good or
service. Derived demand can be direct or indirect. An example of direct demand
would be landscapers or domestic help. Indirectly derived demand occurs when
trafficked laborers are part of a value chain; an example would be the production
of a silicon chip, they incorporated into
the manufacture of a cell phone. The cell phones are lawfully manufactured, but there is little monitoring or
regulation for subsidiary companies, and mega corporations make decisions on bottom line
not on whether the subsidiary companies actively recruit forced labor (IACT,
2012).

Implications for Research

Human
trafficking, as well as illegal weapons and drugs trafficking, reflect the
links that exist between criminal networks. The same infrastructure is used to
transport these different commodities. The same trade routes and the same
financial resources used for trafficking.
By acquiring, a better understanding of the financial complexities involved in
the economics of trafficking it may help combat human trafficking (Everts,
2003).

The
implication for the present research should show the need for further studies.
Corporations need to be held responsible for their lack of transparency in the
global supply chain. Economists have predicted that within the next ten years,
human trafficking will surpass illegal drug and arms trafficking (Wheaton et al.,
2010).

Research Design and Methodology

There
are two parts to the research question. The first part, how do the United States compare against similar nations in
reporting trafficking incidences.  Thes
second research question is, “How consistently do the sampled country’s
governments follow the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s recommended “3P”s model
of prosecution, protection, and prevention, in combating domestic human
trafficking?

Present Research

Frank’s
(2013), the primary source of data came
from the US Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons (TIP) annual report. The
data collection covered an eleven-year span, from 2000 to 2011.

The
research of the sampling frame, secondary
data collection. The primary source of
data comes from the U.S.  Department of
States Trafficking in Persons (TIP) reports from the years 2000 to 2011. The
original dataset used in Frank’s (2013)
study covered one hundred seventy-nine countries with a sample size of one
thousand five hundred seventy-eight reported trafficking cases. The total
sample size for my analysis is 136 reported
trafficking cases and includes adult victims of
sexual exploitation and forced labor trafficking categorized by the
geographical stage the victims were documented
in (source, transit, destination and internal). I
chose the fourteen wealthiest countries –the United States ranked ninth in the
list. I am providing a grade and percentage
table of the top fourteen countries, their ranking, GDP and a summary
percentage of trafficking incidences each of this country contributed to the
total reported trafficking incidences (prostitution, forced labor, child
prostitution, child labor, domestic servitude, debt bondage, and child soldier)
from the year 2000 to  the year 2011.

There
are four geographical phases for victims of human trafficking, source
countries, transit countries, destination countries and internal countries.
Source countries provide the “supply” of people. Transit countries are
countries that are easiest for traffickers to move humans through without
detection. Destination countries are the demand countries. They are the
countries with the power and the money. Internal countries refer to the enslavement
of a nation’s citizens. Although there are, many
forms of trafficking, this study focuses on prostitution and forced
labor trafficking in a sample size of one hundred thirty-six adults; ethnicity,
age, and gender are all unknown variables (Frank, 2013). The focus will be on the progress these countries’ governments have made
in prosecuting, protecting and preventing human trafficking over an eleven-year
span. Using data collected over a span of time gives a clearer overview,
of trends and patterns. By measuring key indicators of trafficking patterns,
governments may be able to develop effective policies.

The
purpose of this study is to compare recorded human trafficking incidences,
occurring from 2000 to 2011, amongst the top fourteen wealthiest countries in
the world. The first section of the report covers the types of trafficking,
prostitution, forced labor, child prostitution, child labor, debt bondage, and
domestic servitude and child soldiers. Trafficking types are sorted by four
geographical stages beginning with the source country, transit country,
destination country, and internal country. The second half of the study
concentrates on countries response to reported trafficking cases, such as
providing training and support for law enforcement, provide victims easy access
to basic living requirements, protection from further harm and supportive
services to ensure victim’s successful acclimation back into the community.

Frank
(2013) attempts to capture and identify key indicators associated with human
trafficking. By using a large dataset and
providing a comprehensive overview,
trends and patterns are identified easily.
Data collection for this research study
is strictly archival, relying on secondary data collected
for the US Department‘s annual TIP report. The way a country or territory gets
included on the TIP report is to have evidence that there are significant numbers, over 100, of reported
trafficking incidences.

The
Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report, published by the US Department of State
categorizes nations into three tiers, based on their government’s level of
compliance with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA). The TVPA touts
the success of their 3P’s paradigm of prosecution, protection, and prevention
in the war on human trafficking. Tier 1 countries fully meet the TVPA’s
minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. Tier 2 and Tier 2/ Watch
List countries do not fully meet the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making
significant efforts to improve. Tier 3 countries do not fully meet the TVPA’s
minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so.
Additionally, Tier -99 countries have indications of human trafficking but are
unable to be placed on a tier due to extenuating circumstances.

From
the collected data, Frank created key tags called, Human Trafficking Indicators.
These Human Trafficking Indicators (HTI) identify human trafficking patterns
from all four geographical areas of the trafficking process, source, transit,
destination and internal. The research also collected and tracked government’s
anti-trafficking efforts, such as legislation, enforcement, and victim services
and included information from one hundred and seventy-nine countries. Understanding
types of trafficking, populations, stages regions, a rank and percentage table
was compiled of type’s pf trafficking covered in the dataset used or this
paper.

This research paper
focuses on trafficking activity within the top wealthiest nations. The goal of
this study is to look at the impact destination countries has on sex and labor
trafficking markets.

Data

The
research sampling frame, secondary data
collection. The primary source of data
comes from the U.S.  Department of States
Trafficking in Persons (TIP) reports from the years 2000 to 2011. The original dataset used in Frank’s (2013) study covered one
hundred seventy-nine countries with a sample size of one thousand five hundred
seventy-eight reported trafficking cases. The total sample size for my analysis is 136 reported trafficking cases
and includes adult victims of sexual
exploitation and forced labor trafficking categorized by the geographical stage
the victims were documented in (source,
transit, destination and internal). I
chose the fourteen wealthiest countries –the United States ranked ninth in the
list. I am providing a rank and percentage table
of the top fourteen countries, their ranking, GDP and a summary percentage of
trafficking incidences each of this country contributed to the total reported
trafficking incidences (prostitution, forced labor, child prostitution, child
labor, domestic servitude, debt bondage, and child soldier) from the year 2000
to  the year 2011.

There
are four geographical phases for victims of human trafficking, source
countries, transit countries, destination countries and internal countries.
Source countries provide the “supply” of people. Transit countries are
countries that are easiest for traffickers to move humans through without
detection. Destination countries are the demand countries. They are the
countries with the power and the money. Internal countries refer to the
enslavement of a nation’s citizens. Although
there are, many forms of trafficking, this study focuses on prostitution
and forced labor trafficking in a sample size of one hundred thirty-six adults;
ethnicity, age, and gender are all unknown variables (Frank, 2013). The focus will be on the progress these countries’ governments
have made in prosecuting, protecting and preventing human trafficking over an eleven-year
span. Using data collected over a span of time gives a clearer overview,
of trends and patterns. By measuring key indicators of trafficking patterns,
governments may be able to develop effective policies.

Variables

For this research study a sample, size least of at least 100 observations is required to properly run a statistical analysis. This study requires 12-14 independent variables, and at least two dependent variables be utilized. Thirteen independent variables either nominal and scale and two dependent variables scale measure were chosen for SPSS analyses.  In preparation for running analysis, sample datasets were cleaned up to provide the best output possible. The 13 independent variable and two dependent variables were variable were chosen based on literature review and empirical research presented in this paper.

The
first two indecent variables forced prostitution and forced labor for the
source stage of trafficking are important they measure how many victims were trafficked out of destination countries. The second two independent variables forced
prostitution and forced labor for the transit stage of trafficking are
important they measure how many victims were
trafficked through of destination
countries.

The next four independent variables forced prostitution and forced labor for the destination stage of trafficking are important they measure how many victims were trafficked to destination countries and variables forced prostitution and forced labor for the internal stage of trafficking are important, since the focus is on destination countries this looks at how many victims are entering and staying in the destination countries. The following three independent variables relate to the criminal justice system. They are the creation of laws prohibiting trafficking, enforcement of trafficking laws, and convictions relating to human trafficking violations. The last two variables relate to victims; are there services provide to victims that are not through non-governmental organizations and is there a procedure to identify human trafficking victims.

Ther
are two dependent variables that are important in measuring the progress
countries’ are taking in the protection of trafficking victims and the
prevention of further human trafficking. When looked at about
reported trafficking we can see which countries are actively attempting to make
the minimum effort to protect victims of
human trafficking and in preventing the occurrence of further trafficking
victims.

Analysis Procedures

The first step of any analysis procedure is to
develop a research question. The research question has to be theoretical, but
it had to be operational. The more specific the
question is, the easier the remainder of the analysis procedure will be.
The research question developed organically from performing a literature review
and comparing datasets as well as study source info, i.e. scholarly,
governmental, activist organization. Each source of writings has their agenda
there for although literature reviews. Balancing types of sources seemed to be
a bit of a challenge. This paper uses secondary data analysis acquired through
said literature review.

Other considerations for
choosing the best empirical research and dataset are sample size, number of
dependent and independent variables and the variable’s level of measurement.

For this specific
research sample, size needs to be at least 100 observations. This study
requires that 12-14 independent variables and at least two dependent variables be utilized. Thirteen independent variables either
nominal and scale and two dependent variables scale measure were chosen for SPSS analyses. In preparation for
running analysis, sample datasets may need to be cleaned up to provide the best
output possible. Fortunately, this research study’s data set was not missing
and input and did not require and additional tightening.

Zero-order correlation matrices are used as the starting
point in the analysis of causal structure inherent to the data.
Discover relationships among variables by running a zero-order correlation
analysis. A correlation is a measure of the association between two variables. A correlation of zero means there is no relationship
between the two variables. If the correlation coefficient is a negative means,
the two variables work against each other. If it is a positive number, that indicates
the variable move together. The second two analyses was an ordinary
least-squares regression aim is to use after
there is a significant correlation to find the appropriate linear model to
predict dependent variable either scale or ordinal, from one or more
independent variables, either scale or ordinal. The final analysis performed
was a logistic regression the goal is to create a model to predict the dependent
variable categorical 2 or more categories are given one or more independent
variable either categorical or numerical/scale). The last two steps in this
analysis procedure are reviewing results of SPSS analyses performed and provide
conclusion and recommendations based on analysis results.

The
first test performed was a zero-order correlation to identify dependence of
variables and identify effects one variable has on another. The second analysis
was an ordinary least squares regression measuring the minimum progress made by
countries based on TIP standards. The last analysis completed was a logistic
regression based on information provided to make a prediction about countries making minimum progress in protection and prevention in the future.

Results

The present research is attempting to
study specific factors that may affect the progress and the prevention of human
trafficking in the wealthiest countries of the world.

The goal is to see if there are further and more
significant correlations and relationships beyond current research to reveal
gaps in the study and observation
relating to victims of human trafficking.

 The beginning of the analyses will take place
with the results of the zero-order correlations (Table 2) Also before the strength of relationships,
and cause and effects are considered the levels of association need to be evaluated. What these results, we will then
analyze the multiple regression outcomes. The results of both logistic regression
and ordinary least square will reflect in Table 3 and Table 4, which will be discussed at the end.

Zero-Order Correlation

The
bivariate analysis used in this study is a zero-order
correlation. The current results of the correlation focus on the associations
between trafficking patterns, criminal justice prevention and intervention and victim services.

The first significant correlation in this analysis was the
negative correlation  forced destination
labor had in relation to whether the criminal justice e systems had a procedure
for identifying human trafficking victims which were statistically significant ( p ≤ .01, R² = .224), and
minimum progress made in protection trafficking victims( p ≤ .01, R² = .254).

There
were also significant relation between independent variables forced source and
forced  source labor( p ≤ .01, R² = .975)., forced transit prostitution ( p ≤ .01, R² = .559).and
forced transit labor( p ≤ .01, R²
= .597).,, as well as, forced internal prostitution( p ≤ .01, R² = .408).and forced internal labor( p ≤ .01, R² = .440).. There
was moderate significance between forced source prostitution and the two dependent
variables minimum progress in protection
( p ≤ .05, R² = .198).and minimum progress in prevention. ( p ≤ .05, R² = .176).

There was a significant correlation between forced
transit prostitution and forced transit labor ( p ≤ .01, R² = .799 ).There was moderate correlation
between government enforcement of trafficking laws and forced transit
prostitution( p ≤ .05, R² = .217).,
forced destination prostitution( p ≤ .05,
R² = .191). and forced internal prostitution ( p ≤ .05, R² = .179).

The first dependent variable minimum
progress in protection had a significant negative correlation with forced
destination labor (p ≤ .01, R²
= -.242), In contrast, minimum progress in protection had a significantly
positive correlation with forced transit 
prostitution( p ≤ .01, R²
= .242),   and forced internal
prostitution( p ≤ .01, R² = .231),
government’s enforcement of trafficking laws(
p ≤ .01, R² = .289 and convictions of trafficking( p ≤ .01, R² = .131),  as well as, minimum progress in prevention( p ≤ .01, R² = .345).The
dependent variable, minimum progress in protection, had moderate correlation
with forced  source prostitution( p ≤ .05, R² = .198)  forced source labor( p ≤ .05, R² = .206), 
and forced  transit labor( p ≤ .05, R² = .206).  the dependent variable, minimum progress
in protection, had moderate correlation with forced  source prostitution( p ≤ .05, R² = .198)  forced source labor( p ≤ .05, R² = .184), 
forced  transit labor( p ≤ .05, R² = .206).

The dependent variable, minimum progress in prevention, had a significantly positive correlation with government’s enforcement of trafficking laws ( p ≤ .01, R² = .251) and convictions of trafficking ( p ≤ .01, R² = .300),  as well as, minimum progress in prevention( p ≤ .01, R² = .345). The dependent variable, minimum progress in prevention, had moderate negative correlation victim services not though a non-governmental organizations( p ≤ .05, R² = -.192)  alternately, the dependent variable, minimum progress in prevention, had moderate correlation with forced  source prostitution( p ≤ .05, R² = .176)  forced source labor( p ≤ .05, R² = .219),  forced  transit labor( p ≤ .05, R² = .207) and forced internal prostitution( p ≤ .05, R² = .184).

In summation, the zero-order correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between forced destination labor and the criminal justice e system’s procedure for identifying human trafficking victims which was statistically significant ( p ≤ .01, R² = .224),Secondly, The dependent variable, minimum progress in prevention, had moderate negative correlation  with the provision of victim services not though a non-governmental organizations( p ≤ .05, R² = -.192). 

Ordinary Least-Squares Regression

The
results for ordinary least squares are broken down into three tables, model
summary, ANOVA, and coefficient table. In the model, summary R Square is .353.
The significant level in the ANOVA table is less than .05, giving a significant
linear regression. Calculations for the prediction of minimum progress in
victim protection based on independent variables is found to be significant
with a 35.3% chance independent variables had an impact on the minimum progress
protecting victims.

Logistic Regression

Results
of the minimum progress of victim protection logistic regression model in SPSS includes
four tables, an omnibus test of the model,
coefficients table, a classification table and variables
in the equation table.  

A logistic regression was performed to ascertain the effects
of human trafficking rates, criminal justice creation,
enforcement and conviction as well as victim services had on the likelihood
that minimum progress of victim protection would be achieved. The logistic regression
model was statistically significant, χ2(13) = 47.00, p < .0005. The model
explained 0.39% (Nagelkerke R2) of the variance in the minimum progress of protection correctly classified 72.8% of cases.
The variables of equation table reveal that forced labor destination is
statistically significant and, is less likely it
is that the observed difference is due to chance.

The
data analysis backs up the literature and empirical research placed in this
study.

Discussion and Conclusion

The purpose of this study is to compare
recorded human trafficking incidences, occurring from 2000 to 2011, among the
top fourteen wealthiest countries. In addition,
the study measures how often those country’s governments followed the
Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s recommended “3P”s model of prosecution,
protection, and prevention, in combating domestic human trafficking. By using SPSS as a statistical tool to analysis
secondary data and discover possible patterns correlations with wealthy
countries, consumer countries and the global demand that drive the human trafficking market.

The
public does not have a clear understanding of the human trafficking problem
based on n the public opinion survey of 2000 Americans;
analysis results show that even though ninety percent of respondents
know that human trafficking is a form of slavery, still Ninety-two percent of respondents believe trafficking victims are
usually female. In addition, seventy-one
percent believed smuggling and trafficking were the same things (Bouche et al.,
2016).

In my opinion our government does not have a clear
understanding of the human trafficking problem based on The End Modern Slavery
Initiative Act of 2015, which was introduced to Congress in February 2015
Senator Corker (R)  which promotes the
eradication of modern-day slavery through subsidizing country’s and companies
that have/had forced slave labor to encourage them to stop exploiting humans
(Library of Congress, 2016).

A
majority of the world does not have a clear understanding of the human
trafficking problem based on the International Organization for Migration in
Geneva studied this phenomenon nationally in 1998. The IOM found that twelve of
the twenty-five countries surveyed could not produce any data on cases of
trafficking in women. (Laczko & Gramegna, 2003).

Most
research collects information on the poorest countries the source countries of
human trafficking victims. It is easy to
see how such a vulnerable population would be easy prey for traffickers. Most
of the source country studies become merely a confirmation of what is already
known. More needs to be discovered about
destination countries.

A
disadvantage to the study is the use of only a small portion of the total
original sample was used to run the analysis
for this research paper. One hundred and seventy-nine
countries were identified in the original research. The current research sample
consists of fourteen countries. The additional data from other nations may have given more strength to
analysis results.

 A strong negative correlation between forced
source labor and criminal justice system’s procedures for victim identification
implies a need for law enforcement training specifically targeted at human
trafficking victims, which includes forced labor, as well as, forced
prostitution. Moderately strong negative correlations between provided services
for victims that are not non-governmental organizations and the minimum
progress of protection for victims of human trafficking. A possible task force
needs to be created that specifically
deals with human trafficking crimes similar to the SART model. Sexual Assault
Response Team. SART is a collaboration of specially trained professionals, such
as law enforcement, victim advocates medical
personnel and prosecutors that all work together as a team to handle victims of
sexual assault.

Conclusions
are based on literature review, analysis results,
and past empirical observations. More research needs to be done on human trafficking. Training and services need to be
available for law enforcement, especially those who will be the trafficking
victim’s first point of contact, regarding human trafficking victims and their
needs. Procedures could be put into place
for identifying victims of human trafficking for police, medical and advocates
as well as collaboration efforts.

Finally,
a collaboration of government agencies to provide human trafficking victims
easy access to basic living requirements, protection from further harm and
supportive services to ensure their successful acclimation back into the
community.

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