IT industry in India comprises of software industry and information technology enabled services (ITES), which also includes business process outsourcing (BPO) industry. India is considered as a pioneer in software development and a favorite destination for IT-enabled services. The man power requirement of this sector is changing dynamically. We propose to analyze the HR. policies that are prevalent in this sector because of these reasons:
It is a booming industry employing millions of professionals’ worldwide
Being a knowledge-based industry; a high intellectual capital lends competitive advantage to a firm
Shortage of skilled manpower is a prime challenge for this industry. Globalization plays a significant role in design of the policies like cross-cultural management, managing virtual teams etc.
The Indian manufacturing sector has been averaging a 9 per cent growth in the last four years (2004-08), with a record 12.3 per cent in 2006-07. India is fast emerging as a global manufacturing hub. Be it automobiles or computer hardware, consumer durables or engineering products, all are being manufactured by multinationals in India. Thus the sector poses an immense opportunity for employment.
Manufacturing Industry’s growth has been robust for the past decade
Providing direct and indirect employment to over 13 million people
Since 2000, the industry has grown at a CAGR of about 14%
Size in 2008-09 is estimated to be around Rs. 1,910 billion
Industry size would be in the range of US $ 165 to 175 billion by 2022
Overview of Wipro and Tata Motors:
Wipro – Timely reviews is one of the success factors at Wipro. Culture is greatly influenced by Six Sigma program. The HRD planning is done by the top management executives who formulate various policies in reference to Human Resource Planning
TATA Motors – The HR philosophy is ‘caring, show respect, compassion and humanity among colleagues, working cohesively in teams and encourage self sufficiency’. The company since ages has come up with many employee welfare policies and also has bagged the internationally prestigious “Golden Peacock National Training Award” in the category of large employer.
Methodology
Our aim was to study a very broad topic i.e. the HR policies that are implemented in a particular sector, so we needed to filter out some of the major policies which are very significant from the company’s perspective. Therefore our approach can be listed out as follows:
Literature Review
Survey design
Interview questionnaire design
Interview with employees of Wipro and Tata motors
The main influencers of HR policies can be listed down in relation to IT and Manufacturing sectors are:
Also from CIPD library source and citeHR.com we can define the key differentiating factors among the type of employees working in the two sectors are:
Level of education of employees
Training to represent in company’s desired profile
Customer contact
The nature of actually performed by the employees and their awareness to customer response
Referring to whitepapers ‘Cognitive Issues in the Design of Web Surveys Roger Tourangeau. Mick P. Couper, Robert Tortora, and Darby Miller Steiger (2000)’ and other guidelines present at the hr-survey.com we developed our survey design. (Attached as Appendix). Key influencers to the survey design were the HR policies that we filtered out in step one of literature review.
Interview with the employees were our primary data sources of information. The focus was generally on employees who have worked for more than two years in the organization. Most of the interviewed were the engineers and MBA’s. The questions were designed to get complete insight of the policies applicable at their organizations. The target number of employees to be interviewed was decided to be 20 each but we had to limit ourselves to almost 10-12 employees per company.
HR POLICIES: WIPRO AND TATA MOTORS
Recruitment is defined as the process to identify the sources of the talent pool to meet the requirements of the company and to follow effective measures for attracting the manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection and there by create an efficient workforce. It determines the current and future manpower requirements and provides methods to meet them. It helps in identifying the sources that would help in meeting the requirements and helps the organization in a global talent search and thereby infuse fresh blood in the organization. It also helps in determining the effectiveness of the various recruiting techniques and sources. FACTORS AFFECTING RECRUITMENT:
The skill requirement in IT industry is changing due to the dynamic nature of the industry. It has transformed from a mere option for back end operations to value addition and Knowledge processing activities.
The need of requirement arises due to acquisition of projects or scarcity of the required skill set in the current pool of employees. The main sources of recruitment are:
Internal promotion and internal introductions
University appointment boards
Agencies for the unemployed
Advertising or the use of other local media
The need of requirement arises when there is skill scarcity or when there is addition of new projects. The skill requirements are determined by the Project manager and the Technical leader and also based on client requirements the Job description is prepared. First the required skills set are checked with the current workforce and then the no. of candidates to be recruited is then decided. Wipro’s HR solution entails end to end Recruitment Process Outsourcing (RPO) model enveloping sourcing to position closure activities. Wipro monitors operational metrics, such as, number of candidates sourced, source to interview ratio, interview to offer ratio, offer to join ratio, as well as business metrics like, average time to hire, ageing requisitions and cost per hire.
It is the entry or the initial level of the company. The job is mainly software development and testing and maintenance of services. The required skill set is knowledge of programming languages and networking.
It is the upper level of work force level. The required skill set is strong technical as well as communication skill. It is two way communication process where he/she communicate with work force people as well as their technical department.
The Executive Selection Scheme is a fast track programme for accelerated growth of high potential professionals. It takes care of all projects (respect to the Industry specific units) taken by the company.
It is the top most and prestigious post. Here top most person is mainly concern for managing the whole company, they also make strategies related to decision making for the company’s growth.
This industry follows different recruitment techniques based on the entry points. The major constraints affecting the recruitment process are
Government Regulations
Contract workers
Cultural Factors
All recruitment is done in accordance with the approved manpower plan for each division. Recruitment activities are governed by broad organizational guidelines. Applications are invited from different sources for different entry points. A minimum lead-time of at least 12 weeks is required for hiring a candidate for a permanent position.
The sources of recruitment are local candidates. The constraints here are the government regulations and the social and cultural issue and also the salary band problems.
Technical ƒ ITI/FTA /NAC / (ITI & FTA) /ITI/NCTVT /SSC & ITI, NCTVT
Non-Technical ƒ Open Graduates, Matric HSC Graduates
If the suitable candidates are unavailable, the Employment Exchange is used.
The assessing Agency assesses manpower requirement and obtains appropriate Authority’s approval. The major external sources are Advertisements and campus placements.
The advertisements contain the job descriptions and eligibility norms. The general guideline for external TM Grades recruitment is a minimum 2 years’ experience following a professional qualification.
Tata Motors believes in selecting talent from some of the best campuses in the country and grooming them with a view to developing future Managers in consonance with the business goals of our organization. Graduate Engineer Trainees (GETs), Post-Graduates in Engineering or Management are recruited through campus selection at IITs, Engineering Colleges of national repute, Premier Management Institutes and other renowned colleges and universities.
Tata Motors also has a functional employee referral programme where similar qualification criteria but more stringent requirements relating to previous work experience apply.
Referrals are accepted only against vacancy notifications published on/ released to:
Website/Intranet/Portals
Executive search firms
Print Ads
The personal characteristics that you are searching for in a candidate should be a reflection of the qualities needed to perform on the job. It is about fleshing out requirements of the position as accurately as possible
And to find out Candidate’s fit with the requirement
WIPRO Selection process
“When I look at where we have come, what gives me tremendous satisfaction is not so much the success, but the fact that we achieved this success without compromising on the value we defined for ourselves? Values combined with a powerful vision can turbo-charge a company to scale new heights and make it succeed beyond one’s wildest expectations.” Azim Premji
Wipro IT division selection process consist of three stages for software trainee which is its main work force
Technical: It is usually concentrates on data structure and C, R DBMS kind of basic computer science knowledge.
HR interview: Hr interview basically focus on the proficiency of English language and general ideas to assess interviewee on their skills to communicate the ideas in a good manner
Variation in interview pattern and selection procedures: many a times It companies hires directly the experienced person in such cases aptitude test is removed from selection process but they focus only on the HR and Technical interview.
• HR personnel and a technical expert conduct written tests, group discussions and interviews on campus.
• Selected candidates have to clear a pre-employment medical examination before appointment letters are issued by the HR Head or the person authorized by the HR Head.
Apart from the above guidelines, Tata Motors also has a functional employee referral programme where similar qualification criteria but more stringent requirements relating to previous work experience apply.
To apply through the process the candidate should have at least one year of work experience and, must fully meet the qualification/experience requirement stated in the job requirement/advertisement. Candidates applying to TATA MOTORS through this scheme should meet following criteria:
60% marks throughout the academic career.
Referrals are accepted only against vacancy notifications published on/ released to:
Website/Intranet/Portals
Executive search firms
Print Ads
The term refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies.
Training & Development of individuals is a key focus area at Wipro in which more importance is given to Competency Development. A Special Division named Talent Transformation Division handles this program. For those with less than one year of experience a well-structured induction training program is conducted. This will cover all aspects of software development skills and business skills that are required at various departmental levels.
Understanding the criticality of the Time training needs Wipro has developed a competency in Rapid Learning method of training.
Rapid Learning helps to develop content in a short span of time using various tools; the content delivery can be both synchronous as well as asynchronous. By doing strategic partnerships with leading technology providers Wipro is able to choose a tool that best suits the requirement.
Development: The Personal Development Plan (PDP) is developed through Winds of Change which is seven step programs that helps in identifying strengths and improvement areas, and determining the action step.
Process Training: This type of training is used to update various processes to improve the efficacies of the system. Business process training is typically a part of any organizations over all change management plan.
Wipro provides Process Training in several fields like HR, Quality, Operation, Payroll, Recruitment etc. For a meaningful transition of the process, quality training is extremely critical
The main components of Process training:
The training process followed in this company is common for all levels of employees. The overall process goes as follows
Requirement Identification:
Training requirements are identified for a period of 12 months i.e. from April to March of a financial year.
Identification is done in the last quarter of the preceding year through the appraisal form/ individual or divisional training needs surveys undertaken by HR/Training Division
Basis for identification are individual development needs, job improvement plans, future requirements and management priorities etc.HR training division is responsible for preparing a consolidated list Organizing training program:
On the basis of the training programs on offer, and the specific requirements of the employees and the division, the Divisional Heads intimate the HR/Training Division about the people they are recommending for training
Divisional Head in consonance with the HR Department is responsible for identifying training needs and the HR Department is responsible for organizing training for all employees
Utilization of external training program in case of emergency
Nominations of external training are made by department Head
HR Division recommends a training program and obtains the approval of the appropriate Sanctioning Authority prior to processing the nomination. Employees are deputed abroad for the following:
Attending Executive Development Programs
Getting trained by Tata Motors collaborators/foreign business associates
Attending trade fairs, exhibitions, motor shows, conferences etc
Performance evaluation is an evaluative tool that provides feedback to employees on job effectiveness and career guidance. The evaluation is intended to be fair and balanced assessment of an employee’s performance.
Performance in IT industry is evaluated at four levels
Financial – This quantifies how the employee has contributed in terms of increased revenues, cost minimization effective use of assets, etc.
Internal – This aspect refers to the employee’s contribution in creating and sustaining value
Customer – This looks at the differentiating value proposition offered by the employee
Learning and growth- This looks into how well the employee has learned from his currently accomplished tasks and how well he can use what he has learnt in future projects
Performance evaluation in WIPRO tends to answer two questions:
Are your employees developing and performing at the same rate as your business?
Is the pace of WIPRO employee being measured and tracked?
To answer these questions WIPRO offers an integrated end-to end performance management solution. WIPRO’s e-performance management system helps establish the best performance management practices:
360-Degree Feedback System – This system collects information from multiple parties including one’s subordinates, peers, supervisors and customers that the employee interacts with. A major advantage of the system is that feedback comes from several resources. But this has its demerits too.
Management by Objectives (MBO) – MBO requires the management to set specific, measurable goals with each employee and then periodically discuss the latter’s progress towards these goals. This technique emphasizes participative set goals that are tangible, verifiable and measurable. MBO focuses on what must be accomplished rather than how it is to be accomplished.
Performance evaluation techniques used in manufacturing industry can be of following kinds
Competency matrix – A matrix that lists 73 competencies, that vary across managerial levels- to measure performance and gauge the development needs of its employees. Each listed competency has associated knowledge, skills and attributes..
KRAs -These KRAs are used to map the employee’s progress and, based on the results; the company decides to plug performance gaps with the help of relevant training inputs.
Assessment at team and individual levels -Subsequently, the team’s performance is measured on the basis of its achievements. This done, the top management allocates ratings to each team. In a parallel process, the team supervisor appraises each member. Both ratings are taken into account before a final rating is assigned by the senior management team to each functional team and team member.
Performance evaluation in TATA Motors involves the following procedure.
Confidential report ( CR) – Maintained by the supervisor where he rates the employee based on his performance in every project. An employee is graded on the quality of the work, timeliness, team work and peer satisfaction. Individuals are not graded on customer satisfaction in manufacturing units.
Handed to managers for monthly assessment – The top management goes through the report (CR) after the stipulated time for the task is over.
Feedback – Depending on the ratings appropriate feedback is provided to the employee. Any deficiency is immediately communicated sometimes through an interview or through the supervisor in most of the case. Deficiencies are tackled by providing suitable training to the employee.
Promotion – promotion happens once in 2 years. The CR report is used as a reference during promotion interviews.
“Employee welfare or the labor welfare are the effort s to make life worth living for a workmen”
Education – education provided to families of family absolutely free and with all facilities
Medical – Company recognizes medical needs beyond the statutory provisions
Housing – company has its own township where new employees are allotted houses. All the maintenance facilities are provided by the company
Club membership and recreation facilities – Sports and other recreation facilities are greatly encouraged. Special tournaments and short trips are also planned.
Canteen – Food is provided under canteen service but it is not compulsory. The Contract Cell is the one which invites tenders and signs agreements with contractor ensuring quality food at the canteen.
Insurance Policy – Employees insured against accident insurance policy of about Rs.1,00,000 out of which half of the premium is paid by the company itself
Tata has always provided a conducive environment for work activities.
Its proposition involves that “people are at the core of the enterprise” thereby stressing on good human relations which form the basis for its HR policies
Some of the welfare activities include
1. Community Development Centres
2. Medical Camps
3. Organizing get-togethers like hats off day, family day, women’s day, town hall day
4. Emphasis on rural development programs
Some of the policies that were proposed by Tata that shows it being sensitive to employee welfare activities are:
Conclusion
The HR policies at the Business level that is for the MBA’s and Engineers do not differ much
The difference in recruitment is mainly influenced by education and hence the criteria of being knowledge oriented industry stands. However this is just in concerned with the kind of innovative work required by the two sectors.
The HR at the manufacturing industry has to look at two completely different kind of employees; the knowledge workers and the labourers
Therefore the kind of policy interventions driven are different among the two kinds of employees
Also the HR at manufacturing industry has to consider the various laws, rights, collective bargaining, etc. when the labours come into picture
The sensitivity of the HR policies is influenced by the customer contact and visibility
E.g.: If at a factory dharnas or demonstrations are faced the customers are unaffected unless and until their supplies are on time and quality. However a poor call centre service will have to face a quick action from the HR
Training and development differences are basically due to the arenas of work that have to work. Hence major difference can be observed in the policies of the two companies related to this area.
Key differences in the appraisal system generally due to the difference in HRD planning by the top management and the philosophy that drives the two company’s
APPENDIX
How do you think the HR policies at your organisation different?
What kind of role does HRD play as a policy intervention?
How do you think the policies govern the goals of your organisation?
Can you please give some insight on the recruitment process at your organisation?
What are the internal and external factors driving the recruitment process?
Kindly comment on the employee development activities at your organisation?
How do you customise the recruitment and selection process to your organisation?
Can you give us some details on the selection process?
What are the factors involved in promotion activities?
Are there any specific coaching and training available at your process
What is the performance evaluation criterion at your organisation?
Are you satisfied with the performance evaluation tools that are employed in your organisation?
Can you share the performance appraisal and reward systems in your organisation?
How are employee welfare addressed in your organisation?
Would you like to share your views about your company policies and give us a feedback on the interview we conducted?
Name:
Age:
Mobile No:
Age Group: 20-30 years
30-45 years
> 45 years
1-2 years
2-3 years
>4 years
Advertisements
Campus Placements
Employee Referrals
Walk -ins
Government Regulations
Contract workers
Cultural Factors
Yes No
Aptitude Test
Technical Interview
Hr Interview
Managers
Peers
Subordinates
You
You’re Work
Managers
Peers
Subordinates
You
You’re Work
Simple Ranking (Highest performer to Lowest performer)
Alternation ranking (crossing off best and worst employees)
Forced distribution (Employees are ranked in groups)
Paired comparison (every employee compared with every other)
Graphic Rating Scales (traits evaluated by a 5 point rating)
Mixed-standard scales (statements representing performance)
BARS
MBO (Management by Objectives)
360 degree feedback
I haven’t heard of many of the above criteria
Others
Very Satisfied
Satisfied
Neutral
Dissatisfied
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