The conversation regarding censorship amongst states, meaning nations or countries in this context, has been a highly contested and conflicted debate for over a century.  According to The Merriam-Webster Dictionary, “censorship is suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, politically incorrect or “inconvenient” as determined by government authorities or by community consensus” (Merriam-Webster). Nearly all states, even those that are considered to be extremely free states, practice numerous forms of both direct and indirect censorship. Censorship is usually rationalized to protect from dangerous, obscene, and/or negative information from being released and exposed to certain audiences or the general public. It is important to be noted that self-censorship, where one or more individuals censor their own personal discourses and environments, is not the type of censorship that pertains to this essay as it will focus on official acts of censorship. In her book, Censorship In America, historian Mary E. Hull defines official acts of censorship as official actions by a government or governing body that restrict access to certain information to their audience (Hull, 1).  For the purposes of this essay, the United States of America will be the main focus when discussing censorship and its effects and implications. If given the absolute power and ability, the censorship of the internet and mass media in America could produce detrimental effects amongst nearly all aspects of society. Therefore, it is of utmost importance that free, open, public, and uncensored access to the internet and medias across the United States of America must remain and be protected.

Technology
and increased globalization have interconnected states and their citizens more
than ever which has led to the creation of the “global citizen”. Because of
this, some governments have highly censored media within their states as
freedom of speech and access to different thoughts and ideologies poses high
risks. Across the globe, numerous non-governmental organizations research and
work to determine the amount and ways-in-which information is censored in
different states. Reporters Without Borders (RWB), a United Nations consultant,
studies the freedom of expression and information in states and publishes their
findings in the annual World Press Freedom Index. The World Press Freedom Index consults and
surveys expert lawyers, sociologists, media professionals, and journalists on
pluralism, media independence, environment and self-censorship, legislative
framework, transparency, infrastructure, and abuses within their country. The
2018 report that surveyed one hundred and eighty states concluded that Norway,
Sweden, and the Netherlands are the most free and/or least censored states
while Syria, Eritrea, and North Korea are currently the most censored and least
free states (RWB, 2018). For reference, Canada is the eighteenth most free
state, the United Kingdom is the fortieth most free, and the United States
falls as the forty-fifth most free state. The United States fell two places
from 2017 to 2018 which can be attributed to the actions of President Donald J.
Trump and his administration. Trump notoriously declared the press an “enemy of
the American people”, which has triggered attacks against journalists and their
credibility using the fallacious and often erroneous term “fake news” (RWB,
2018). Reports and research like this help truthfully determine the freedom of
speech, press, and information across the globe from a nonbiased perspective. ­

Censorship in The United States of America

Censorship in
the United State of America is a highly controversial topic given how prominent
and institutional the liberty of freedom of speech and the press is engrained
into legislature and society. The First Amendment to The Constitution states, “Congress
shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or
the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government
for a redress of grievances.” (U.S. Const. amend. I). The freedom of speech in
America is not absolute as it does not protect hate speech or obscenity,
meaning that strongly offensive speech or speech that promotes hateful acts
based on bias can legally be censored as they are not protected forms of speech
(Hull, 3). The First Amendment can be attributed as the foundation for the
popular American motto and saying, “land of the free”. This nationalistic
saying has permeated American society as many Americans pride themselves on the
thought of America being thee land of freedom and justice despite numerous
ranking and studies pointing otherwise (RWB, 2018).

Since the creation and implementation of the First Amendment, numerous
laws and rulings have been instituted and repealed in order to restrict the
freedom of speech and press. Notably, the Sedition and Espionage Acts, imposed
under President Wilson in 1917, declared it illegal and treasonous for citizens
to speak against the United States government, military, and flag. This act
attempted to bend the First Amendment, however, it was repealed in 1919 as it
clearly violated the freedom of speech and press clause. In 1971, The Pentagon Papers, officially titled Report of the Office of
the Secretary of Defense Vietnam Task Force, were classified
United States of America military and government documents that were leaked.
The Pentagon Papers detailed the involvement of the United States in the
Vietnam War from 1945-1967 (Hull, 27). These documents revealed that the United
States had gone against legislation and made official decisions without the aid
or input from Congress, which is legally required. They were leaked, according
to Hull, because “critics charged that the
government resorted to excessive classification of documents in order to
conceal activity from the public, whereas the government maintained that it was
acting in the interests of national security” (Hull, 29). This leak was taken
to the Supreme Court of the United States and was ruled legal as the Supreme
Court determined that the general public has the right to these documents
despite the government’s attempt to censor the press. Although the First Amendment
has been tested numerous times, it stands generally true that individuals in
the United States of America are entitled to freedom of speech and press so
long as it does not fuel the occurrence of legitimate crimes.

Internet Censorship in the United States

Within the past few decades, the rules and guidelines set by the First Amendment have made the waters murkier than ever when discussing censorship and the media.  The internet has made news and media more accessible than ever which enhances the effects, debatably both positive and negative, censorship can have. Given the capitalistic nature of the internet, major new sources occupy a massive section of the internet and tend to circulate only chosen specific media and news stories that fit their agenda, this is known as corporate censorship. ­Project Censored, a news source that publishes important news and media that was not reported by the mainstream mass media, works to eliminate corporate censorship as they see it as a blockade towards democracy and free press. (Jensen, 2018). Although corporate censorship is highly problematic, it is protected by the First Amendment as companies and individuals have the right to broadcast what they see as fit.

The Internet Must Remain Free from Censorship

Internet Censors
and Blockers

In
the United States, the First Amendment protects against and prohibits majority
of internet censorship involvement from the federal, state, and local
governments. However, private companies have more leeway in their actions to
censor content, particularly in regards to public spaces. There tends to be a
steep crossover between these private companies and the state as the government
or government officials often support and fund companies whose interest align
with theirs. This is a classic incident of corruption with the government
finding a loophole to overstep their rightful bounds. Internet censorship is
typically performed by content blockers and removers that are created,
installed, and programmed to block all content deemed obscene or unfitting. The
major problem of these programs is determining what content is and is not
okay…a process that can be easily corrupted. In the words of Mary E. Hull, “What is indecent in one person’s mind may be decent
in another’s; thus, regardless of the censor’s motive, the result of censoring
is the denial of another’s freedom to choose.” (Hull, 2).

This
exact problem was exacerbated in 1997 in a Virginia library that had installed
a blocking program on its public computers. The intention of the program was to
block and censor sexually explicit content from minors, which is perfectly
legal and the decision was supported by the National Law Center for Children
and Families (Hull, 35). However, this program, advertently or not, also
blocked the American Association of University Women website and an AIDS
website which is extremely problematic because this blocker is now restricting
access and information from the public. The center of this controversy is not
the use of a blocker, as individuals should have the right to knowingly censor
content in private, but the fact that a publically funded device was censoring
appropriate content. Given this incident occurred in 1997, it is unlikely that
the censoring of those two specific websites was directly intentional, however,
it remains unclear as numerous biases could lead a company to explicitly censor
more than originally intended.  This
incident, albeit small, shows how detrimental censorship of the internet can be
and why the internet needs to remain publically uncensored.  

It
is extremely important that the First Amendment be rigorously upheld in the
United States of America as it is the major piece of legislation that prohibits
extreme censorship. For this reason, totalitarian control of the internet has
not been observed in the United States but other countries can be used as
examples of this. The People’s Republic of China is notorious for their strict
censorship of the internet, especially social media, and suppression of news
and information. According to the 2018 World Press
Freedom Index, China is the one hundred and seventy-sixth (fourth worst) least free
states as President Xi Jinping and the Communist Party implement extreme
censorship and surveillance on the citizens (RWB, 2018). China has been very
innovative to censor the internet by creating different apps and networking
sites that resemble sites like Facebook and Twitter (Walker & Orttung, 77).
China’s censored version of Twitter, called Sina Weibo, has a massive member base
with over six hundred million users.  Key
to their censorship is strict criminal punishments for publicizing thoughts,
ideologies, and ideas that go against China and the Communist Party (Walker
& Orttung, 78). China also restricts nearly all forms of media by requiring
newspapers to register with the government and all television is broadcasted by
government-run China Central Television. The extreme censorship in China has
taken the voices away from the people and subjected them to only the thoughts
and rhetoric provided by the government. This is extremely dangerous as nearly
all forms of dissidence, personal expression, thought exploration, education,
and legitimate news are deprived from the people so that they unintentionally
surrender themselves to the country. In order for democracy and freedom to
remain in the United States, it is absolutely essential that the internet and
social media remain free from government interaction.

The Importance of
Social Media

The
growing accessibility and prevalence of the internet in daily lives has allowed
for social medias to play pivotal roles in individuals’ personal lives,
politics, and society as a whole. Both Facebook and Twitter have become major
sources of news, information, and misinformation in America. Both of these
sites have become hubs for people to share their personal opinions in reaction
to the news, especially politics. Politics in America has become more polarized
than ever which has increased greatly increased tensions and amplified party
affiliations from the election of Barack H. Obama in 2008 to the election of
Donald J. Trump in 2016.

Misinformation,
especially political misinformation, has become increasingly more prevalent and
believed through platforms like Facebook and Twitter. Misinformation can be
partially attributed to motivated reasoning, the
illusion of objectivity, and partisan-driven motivated reasoning as they
explain why voters cling to certain ideologies, misperceptions, and corrections
(Thorson, 463; Berinsky, 7; Nyhan & Reifler). In short, motivated reasoning
is a phenomenon where one will support a desired conclusion if they can
rationalize it (Kunda,
482-483). A study researching the presence and
diffusions on Twitter during the 2012 election showed that rumors were shared
by polarized accounts that created “‘echo chambers’ defined by political
homophily that were based on ideological attitudes not truth and merit” (Shin, Jian, Driscoll, & Bar, 1227). Social media sites harbor misinformation because they are
highly polarized, therefore misinformation is more likely to become believed
via motivated reasoning if it aligns with one’s belief system or party
alliance. An
extremely detrimental piece of misinformation began in 1988 when Andrew
Wakefield published a report that incorrectly liked the Measles-Mumps-Rubella
vaccine to autism. This link has been extensively discredited yet still
persists and has caused numerous recent outbreaks of measles. In a study
conducted by Mark R. Joslyn and Steven M. Sylvester, they found the individuals’
belief in this myth became politicized and lead to faulty governance and
policies that allowed outbreaks to occur (Joslyn & Sylvester, 17). Although
this report was false, it is important for it to be noted that social media has
enough power to influence politics and government. Social media also becomes an
accessible intermediate that exposes its users to current news, political beliefs,
and ideologies. Numerous studies show that social media becomes an environment
where individuals can find like-minded individuals and share their thoughts,
however, those same factors also nourish misinformation. 

As previously mentioned,
Donald J. Trump coined the term “fake news” when referring to news that is not
favorable toward him or his administration, regardless if the news is actually
true or false. This term is extremely problematic because it discounts journalists
providing truthful information while diminishing that problem that legitimately
false news poses. False news tends to spread faster and quicker, however,
eventually, it tends to reach a much smaller audience. In 2016, a tenth of
conservative Republicans accounted for consuming sixty-five percent of fake
news (Carey, 2018). In order to tackle this problem, Facebook has embedded a
fact-checking service into flagged articles so the consumer knows it is
misinformation before they choose to share it (Hunt). Fake news and “fake news”
are both very real problems as legitimate journalism is of value and should be
protected.

Censorship is a dangerous tool that should be used in a very selective manner as it can deprive individuals of necessary information. In the United States of America, it is incredibly important that the First Amendment is upheld as it provides all citizens with a voice and platform to both share and receive thoughts, information, news, and ideologies. Free speech and free press absolutely has its downsides as dangerous misinformation can easily be shared and believed but the benefits of freedom of speech and press are so much greater. Protection of freedom of the internet is essential in order for the United States to remain a democratic, liberated, and just nation.

References

Berinsky, A. J. (2015). Rumors and Health Care Reform: Experiments in
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Censorship [Def. 1]. (2018,
April 25). In The Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved April 29, 2018,
from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/censorship

2018 World Press Freedom Index(Rep.).
(2018, April 25). Retrieved May 3, 2018, from Reporters Without Borders: For
Freedom Information website: https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2018

Hull, M. (1999). Censorship
in America : A Reference Handbook. Retrieved May 1, 2018, from
http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezp1.lib.umn.edu/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/[email protected]essionmgr120&vid=0&format=EB&lpid=lp_I&rid=0

Jensen, C. (n.d.). Censored
News Stories. Retrieved May 3, 2018, from http://projectcensored.org/about-us/

Joslyn, M. R., &
Sylvester, S. M. (2017). The Determinants and Consequences of Accurate Beliefs
About Childhood Vaccinations. American Politics Research.
doi:10.1177/1532673×17745342

Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for
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doi:10.1037//0033-2909.108.3.480

Nyhan, B., & Reifler, J.
(November 30, 2016). Do People Actually Learn From Fact-Checking?Evidence from
a longitudinal study during the 2014 campaign. University of Exeter.
Retrieved April 17, 2018.

Shin, J., Jian, L., Driscoll,
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Thorson, E. (2015). Belief
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United States Constitution, §
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Walker, C., & Orttung, R.
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