The history of fundamental analysis as a trading mechanism began with Benjamin Graham in 1928. Graham published his first book, Security Analysis in 1934. This book defined the framework of Value Investment and is now in its fifth edition. Since that time, a great deal of research focused on specific fundamental measures as key determinants of a securities future price. The concept of efficiency is […]
INTRODUCTION 1.1 FUTURES VS of KLIBOR VS Three Month KLIBOR VS Futures Contract Futures are a contract between two parties for one party to buy something from the other at a later date at a price agreed upon today. A futures contract can be offset to maturity by an equal and opposite transaction. (Three month KLIBOR futures, 2010) Kuala Lumpur Inter-bank Offered Rate (KLIBOR) is […]
The Calendar Effect Calendar holidays always cause an effect on overall condition of the stock market. Same situation happens to the Karachi Stock Market. The predefined calendar closures always affect the overall situation and index of the stock market. The holidays due to many different reasons cause a great divergence generally in market index. In general, it has been noticed that almost every nation faces […]
Introduction A capital structure is nothing one can touch or see in reality, but it is measured using according and financial information. It can hence be calculated for organisation sophisticated enough to portray their operations in the form of balance sheet. From this it follows that the capital structure is socially constructed and thus not always an objective and uncontroversial measure. On capital structure decision […]
Introduction: Companies are involved in mergers and acquisitions to achieve certain strategic or financial objectives. Recent years have seen a huge arise in such activity over £ 1 and half billion worth of deals including UK targets in 2007. (National Statistics online). Success and failure of these deals affects a huge range of individuals, could be managers, shareholders, advisers. Mergers and acquisitions also have a […]
Investors are assumed to make rational decisions. All investors are assumed to make their decisions based on the returns and risks associated with an investment. Investing in the stock market has been the most common thing for an investor to do. Stock market involves trading in stocks, mutual funds and bonds. Any other investment that lies outside this is referred to as an Alternative Investment […]
CHAPTER 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) nowadays is very important elements that are needed in order to improve the economic situation especially among the developing countries. The expansion and rapid growth of technologies, telecommunications, infrastructure and transportation for instance has encouraged more Multinational Corporation (MNCs) to take the opportunities to expand their businesses. The investments can be either locally or cross borders. Developed […]
INTRODUCTION Airline carriers sell tickets in many part of the world, and each country has different policies that govern their currencies. Countries such as the Great Britain uses Pounds sterling (BGP), Japan with Yen, and United of America with Dollar and some part in EU is on Euros. Basically airlines around the globe fly to different part of the world, and majority of these airlines […]
Literature Review focusing on China’s Foreign Reserves The recent surge in foreign reserves of emerging market has revived old debates about the optimal level of reserves. China is a typical representative case for this buildup. In 1990 China hold 29.5 billion dollars foreign reserves around 8% of GDP denoted by dollars. During past 5 years the average reserves to GDP ratio surge dramatically to 42.5%. […]
The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between free cash flow and capital spending; evidence from the Automobile industry of Pakistan. Capital spending is strongly and positively associated to the level of free cash flow, and free cash flow’s influence on capital spending increases as firm size decreases and as insider ownership increases. Free cash flow is determined by integrating the cash […]
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