The 1948 Arab-Israeli War
The War of 1948, which pitted Israel against the Arabic nations of Egypt, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon had been a confrontation over fifty years in the making; beginning in the early 1880s with the first arrival of Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe into Palestine. [1] The Jews who immigrated to Palestine were known as Zionists and other than to escape the anti-Semantic impression that had swept through Eastern Europe, they were determined to establish a Jewish state in their ancestral homelands.[2] Lands that had been inhabited by a majority of Arabic people for the last few centuries. The very idea of uprooting native peoples from their homes, especially a people with whom the Jews already possess a rocky relation with is simply treading the thin line between strained acknowledgement and warfare. Due to the nature behind the Zionists migrating into Palestine, a conflict of some sort between the Jews and the Arabic people was already inevitable, but an already tense situation was only exacerbated by the interfering of Western Powers.
The Jews’ homeland of Israel had been conquered by Zionists, as they first started moving into Palestine, came with the intent to reclaim lands by lawful means- purchasing lands a little bit at a time. Yet, peaceful or not, purchasing lands from the Ottoman Empire inadvertently reduces the size of the empire that was already struggling to keep ahold of its territories, and still there is the main problem of buying the lands of people who already inhabit the region. Whatever peaceful intentions in which the Zionists assumed that they would collect their land for a Jewish nation, they were idealistic at best. However, the Arabs lacked political, nationalist awareness, they had no sense of nationalism and were thoroughly unorganized.[3] This is the only reason that Zionist did not encounter more violent measures by the locals to remove the Zionists from Palestine. At least, for the first few decades. The early 1900s witness the violence toward the Jews rise with a distinct nationalist undertone [4] and the Zionist recognize that the have been negligent in underestimate the Arabs resolve to keep Palestine. The breakout of World War I only served to strengthen the new budding Arab nationalism, further straining the tensions between the Arabs and Zionists.
The Ottoman Empire rallied with the Central Powers during WWI, and despite supporting the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the war, Britain ended up taking control of Palestine in 1916. While Palestine was being invaded by the British, Sharif Hussein of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon, the British high commissioner in Egypt, were ironing out plans for Hussein to encourage the Arabic people under his control to revolt against the Ottoman Empire. In return for turning against the Turks, Britain would recognize Arab independence and offer protection from any backlash toward the Arabic people from the Turks. Unfortunately, the promises made by Great Britain were half-baked at best and have long been a source of debate. Also, the promise to recognize Arabic independence did not fall to Palestine as McMahon’s promise only fell to lands under the Sharif.[5]
On top of the unclear stipulations and weak promises set in the Hussein-McMahon Correspondence, Britain and France were having their own secret discussions on how to carve up the Ottoman Empire after the war. In the Sykes-Picot Agreement, boarders were set to create new nations out of the Middle East. Palestine, Transjordan, and Iraq would fall under British control, and Syria and Lebanon would come under French control. [6] Which, due to the debatable conditions placed on both sides of the Hussein-McMahon and varying interpretations of the Correspondence agreements, seemed to go against the very promise of freedom Great Britain had promised. Yet, despite the first two instances of imperial powers undermining the Arabic people, the worst blow came in 1917 with the Balfour Declaration. This declaration issued by the British government state that Great Britain supported the Jews in establishing a national home in Palestine.[7] For Great Britain to publicize this statement was seen as betrayal toward the Arabic people in Palestine.
Britain was given mandatory power over Palestine in 1920 by the League of Nations and The Mandate was put into effect in 1923 [8] Under the Mandate Years in Palestine, Britain helped nudge Palestine toward modernity. Literacy dramatically increased among Palestine’s Arabs under Britain Mandate and with this came a spread of national consciousness.[9] The Arabs in Palestine, however, chose to display their newfound nationalism through violent anti-Zionist protests. On top of a new interpretation of Arab nationalism, there were Arab leaders using religious methods to turn the people not only against the Zionists but against Britain as well. That anti-British sentiment sprung to the forefront in 1936, when the Arabs in Palestine revolted against the British Mandate.
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