Research on Technology Platform Construction of Perm Region Chemical Materials Industry
Chemical materials as a basis for new materials is an important part, with the impact on development process of the national economy and social development, has become a country valued as an international competitive, that is also an important indicator. From a global perspective, Russia’s chemical industry is in the advanced stage of the transitional period, with USA, Japan and Europe, which are high developed chemical materials countries, and with other regions in comparison to some industries still have a long way. Perm region of Russia is one of the old industrial base in the Urals and national materials industrial base, and chemical industry plays an important role in its economy as a whole, there has been made an encouraging progress, and has a good industrial base; however, due to a variety of resources, technology integration, technical delays for various reasons, such as delays because of different reasons, that all don’t create regional advantages for further development. Based on this, the Perm region, combined with chemical material industry, from a technical perspective and the situation of demand and supply analysis of problems, found that hinder its development was at the root of docking technology supply and demand side, do not form a flexible docking mechanism. Combining problems, there were found a solution, taking in account two aspects of necessity and feasibility of constructing “Perm region chemical material industry technology platform”. In detail, the main part of the article discusses the nature of the platform, mechanism and logical structure, organizational structure, operational system and strategy selection etc., finally put forward a number of policy recommendations for Perm region technology platform. Perm region technology platform is adopted by its structures, integrating all resources, technology integration improvement, enhancing the competitiveness of Perm region chemical material industries and achieving leap-forward development.
Keywords: Technological Platforms; Regional Economy; Chemical Industry
1.1 Topic background and research significance
1.2.1 Domestic (Russian) research status
1.3 Research content and research methods
Chapter 2 Basic concepts and theoretical foundations
2.1 Research of relevant concepts
2.1.1 Definition of chemical materials industry
2.1.2 Government economic policy in the sphere of technologies and innovations
2.2 Theory of technological innovations
2.3 Concept of industry innovation development
2.4 Theory of industrial cluster
2.5 Concept and characteristics of technological platforms
2.6 Existing Russian technology platforms and analysis of their activities
2.6.1 Technology platform “Bioindustry and Bioresources – Biotech-2030” (TP “Biotech-2030”)
2.6.2 Assessment of the quality and effectiveness of technology platforms
2.6.3 SWOT analysis of the development of technological platforms in Russia
Chapter 3 Concept of European technology platforms
3.1 The establishment and operation of European technology platforms
3.2 The stages of activities of European technology platforms
3.3 The role of the European Commission in European technology platforms
3.4 Financing of European technology platforms
3.5 The creation of Joint technological initiatives
3.6 Results of the activities of the EU and other countries on the creation and development of TP
3.7 Formation of Russian TP on the basis of European TP
Chapter 4 Condition and development features of chemical industry in the Perm region
4.1 Current situation of chemical industry
4.2 Influence of the external environment
4.2.1 Impact of WTO on chemical industry of Perm region
4.2.2 Impact of economic sanctions on the chemical industry of Perm region
4.3 Problems and prospects of development of Chemical industry in Perm region
Chapter 5 Formation of technology platform for chemical industry of Perm region
5.1 Features of technological platform
5.2 Demonstration of platform formation
5.2.1 Necessity of platform formation
5.3.1 Mechanism of the platform and logical structure
5.3.2 Organizational structure of platform formation
5.3.3 Meaning of platform formation
5.4 Strategy analysis of technology platform
5.4.1 Strategic goals and principles of the management
5.4.2 Implementation of platform activities
5.5 Analysis of the mechanism of technology platform work
5.5.1 Principles of formation of technological platforms
5.5.2 Description of the main actions for the creation and maintenance of the technology platform.
1.1 Topic background and research significance
Industrial complex is the basis of sustainable development of the country and its regions, because here is the main added value and a significant focus of the working population. Chemical complex, in turn, plays the role of the Foundation and determines the pace of development of a significant number of other industries that use chemical products in their work.
A characteristic feature of the modern chemical complex of Russia is export oriented production, which is occupied mainly by the production of ammonia, methanol, mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber and various other products. Meanwhile, from year to year is the reduction in the production of high-tech products for domestic consumption. This is due, primarily, with the closing high-tech industries, use in their activities chemical products deep processing and a General decline in production growth rates.
The reasons for the strengthening of negative trends in the chemical industry are the slow renewal of fixed assets, physical and moral depreciation of technological equipment, rising prices for raw materials and energy. The situation is aggravated by the shortage of investment resources in the absence of organizational and economic mechanisms of attracting. The outflow of qualified personnel from the industrial complex as a whole was reflected negatively on the level of scientific and technological developments and their implementation in chemical industry.
Chemical sub-complex, as part of the industrial complex of territorial management, is a multilevel body, which is also subject to objective laws, in connection with which it is necessary to systematically approach the management of its development. Problems of increase of efficiency of functioning of the chemical industry are closely linked with the General state of various systems, such as power supply system or the system of resourcing. These areas at the present stage of development are characterized by technical and technological backwardness, high degree of depreciation of fixed assets, inefficient use of fuel and energy resources, annual growth rates, which is a destabilizing factor, having a negative impact on the realization of the economic entity competitive advantage.
Overall, the problems accumulated in the past decades play a moderating role in attracting investment in the industry in connection with which there is a steady decline of micro-, mezo-, and macroeconomic indicators. The static nature of the organizational-economic mechanism of management of development of the chemical complex, the inconsistency of its principle of adaptability to a changing environment lead to the need to identify the most effective subject management and search of effective models and measures for improvement of management tools development of the chemical complex enterprises. Such models include the technology platform. All this causes the relevance of the chosen research topic.
The practical significance of the study is that the conclusions and recommendations obtained in the thesis can serve as a theoretical and methodological basis for further research in the field of development of regional technology platforms in order to enhance their functioning efficiency and can be applied in practice in the management of the development of industries.
It justifies features of management of technology platform (chemical) as an economic system in modern conditions. A systematic approach helped to identify the characteristics of the technology platform, to define the determining elements, internal and external communications. The results are useful in the theory of regional industrial technological platforms.
Based on the analysis of the current state of the Russian chemical industry was determined by its importance for Russia; resource security; the institutionalization of chemical production; chemical industry; technological level.
There were indicated factors of formation of technological platforms in the chemical complex of the region. Developed model of formation of strategy of development of the technological platform of chemical sector in the region. These findings are necessary for the formation of industrial policy of Russia in General.
Theoretical and methodical provisions, obtained in the course of the study, can be used in the development program for the construction of technological platforms in the chemical industry in the Perm region.
1.2.1 Domestic (Russian) research status
Among the Russian scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of organizational-economic mechanisms of management of industrial complex there should be noted L. I. Abalkin, A. G. Aganbegyan, S. Glazyev, Y. M. Gokhberg, A. G. Granberg, A. I. Dobrynin, V.V. Ivanter, N. D. Kondratyev, V. N. Leksina, O. Pchelintseva S., B. S. Horev, I. N. Shapkina, A. M. Shvetsov.
Problems of development of the enterprises of a chemical complex in the regions and Russia in General is discussed by M. G. Vasiliev, C. B. Ivanova, L. I. Koshkina, A. M. Petrov, B. A. Sitnov, K. A. Titov etc.
The problems of management of investment projects in the regions studied by V. Afanasiev, N. Veselova, G. Birman, A. Bazilevich, S. Smolyak, V. Shapiro, I. Mazura, etc. Works N. Ivanov, B., Kostynuk, A. Krutik, V. Livshits, V. Magnitskii, etc., were used in the study of the assessment of efficiency of regional investment projects.
Issues of cluster development of the Russian economy over the past years in the number of scientists and researchers: Yu. G. Lavrikova, T. B. Batueva, D. V. Grushevsky, E. A. Borodin, V. V. Kopylov, etc.
Depending on the kind of cluster in the literature presents various definitions of clusters. Within the industry distinguish innovative industrial clusters. The term refers to the organization of the group of companies whose members provide and implement innovative activities aimed at the development, production and distribution of innovative and high-tech продукции2. According to A. A. Alekseev , T. V. Kolosova, “the innovation cluster is an Association of enterprises, which allows to use the advantages of innovation capacity and production as of two methods of coordinate systems, allowing you to more quickly, efficiently and effectively to transfer (transformation) of new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions”[43,44].
It is assumed that the complex solution of problems of innovative development of industrial complex can serve as an efficient policy at both the Federal and regional level [45].
It is necessary to develop an integrative program of strategic development of individual regions based on clustering the space of regional economic relations. The most important element of the cluster principle of development of the region is the continuous work on establishing linkages between all stakeholders: enterprises, government agencies, service and research organizations [46].
Sustainable development innovation clusters crucially depend on access to advanced sources of scientific knowledge and modern technologies, as well as the capabilities of the concentration of considerable amounts of financial resources. Decisive role in the process of innovation orientation of the cluster is the presence of well-developed infrastructure of intellectual and financial capital [47].
The cluster approach as a tool of formation of effective structure of innovation industrial complexes significantly transform the nature of the interaction between all participants in the processes of economic development authorities, businesses, scientific and educational institutions, financial, commercial, transport and other organizations.
Developing of specialized areas based on the competitive advantages of doing the classics of economic theory and regional economy was researched by V. Kristaller, K. Lancaster, A. Lesh, R. Lucas, B. Olin, M. Porter, D. Ricardo, A. Smith, I. F. Tynan, E. Heckscher.
Issues of management of investment projects at various levels engaged economists such as I. Ansoff, G. Birman, K. Kern, T. Piters, A. Strickland, A. Thompson, P. Fisher, W. Sharpe, S. Schmidt and others.
The scope of the strategic forms of inter-firm interactions are now fairly well understood. For example, the most discussed at the present time form strategic cooperation between companies [48] – strategic alliances have been studied with completely different sides. Sluitz etc. [49] examined the causes of the successes and failures of alliances, Gulati [50] dealt with their formation and functioning; Hemel and Prahalad [51] considered the nature of alliances and the reasons for joining them through the prism of competition. In a separate category should be allocated to research on the analysis of the portfolio of strategic alliances [52]. More recent studies [53] were aimed at study of the system aspects of alliances – learning, knowledge management and so on.
Under strategic forms of inter-firm interactions, it should also be mentioned about the study, Nohria [54], which pays a lot of attention to global strategic Affairs, and covers such categories as “strategic blocks and strategic groups”.
Network forms of interaction of companies also attracted the attention of a group of scientists from the unit of industrial marketing [55]. Their research focused on the analysis of network structures [56], the study of network dynamics [57, 58] and networks [59-64]. A lot of attention was also given to attitudinal and cognitive aspects [65, 66, 67].
The analysis of joint ventures, the authors paid attention to the impact of the industry on the efficiency of formation of joint ventures [68] and monitoring of their activities [69]. But most attention was still paid to issues of performance and stability of this form of joint activities [70-81].
In the process of studying inter-firm interaction forms scientists have also paid a lot of attention to the reasons for the merger. The main reasons for the unification of the activities of the companies is to increase their competitiveness. And if you pay attention to the timeline the above studies, it becomes clearly evident that the sphere of scientific interests is developing from industrial to post-industrial logic. So, if the earlier studies were conducted in the framework of the resource approach (when to front out separation costs and the pooling of resources), the study of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century focus on the more relevant in the context of highly uncertain economic circumstances factors such as the sharing of risks, sharing information, knowledge management and innovation. This tendency confirms the thesis that in modern conditions the basis of strategic competitive advantages is the ability to generate innovation are new knowledge.
However, as mentioned earlier, in contrast to other forms of cooperation between companies, technological platforms – as a mechanism of cooperation – from a theoretical point of view, currently, are poorly studied. There are only a small number of scientific publications on this topic [82-87, 90], which largely focused on exploring the phenomenon of the platforms and do not affect the issues of their functioning.
As for the works of foreign authors, they are a technology platform in General understand either the platform open source software (particularly its development) [88], or sort of IT ecosystem to enhance the compatibility of different software [89].
In this work the technological platform will be considered as a tool of interaction between the state, private and scientific sector.
However, a large number of scientific papers devoted to industry has not solved all the theoretical problems associated with the management of the industrial complex as an economic system. Analysis of various sources revealed the unresolved problems of management of development of the chemical complex enterprises. Implementation of investment projects in a particular region taking into account the environment and regional specificity, require individual consideration. Thus, the practical significance of such research to economic practice led to the choice of topic, formulation of goals and objectives of the present study.
1.3 Research content and research methods
The thesis consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusion, list of references.
In the introduction justified the relevance of the research topic, defines the purpose and tasks, object and subject of research, reveals the scientific novelty and practical significance of the work.
The second Chapter describes the basic theoretical framework and relevant concepts of development of the industry, including the concept of technological platform, the theory of technology and technological innovation.
In the third Chapter analyzes economic development of the chemical complex of the Perm region, the estimated activity of the enterprises of the chemical complex and the proposed investment project on construction of a technological platform chemical complex in Perm region.
In the fourth Chapter developed and proposed model of the construction technology platform of the chemical industry, defined preconditions, opportunities and feasibility of this model. In particular, developed a regime model, the mechanism of action, strategic objectives have been identified.
The fifth Chapter presents examples of existing technological platforms for Russia and assessed the effectiveness of their activities.
The conclusion contains the main conclusions and results obtained in the study.
Theoretical and methodological basis of research were the works of domestic and foreign scientists devoted to problems of development management of regional industrial complexes in the chemical industry and the implementation of projects to create technology platforms. In the process of the study used a combination of methods: abstract-logical, statistical and economic analysis and synthesis, system analysis, comparison of the studied indicators, expert assessments, methods of grouping and summarizing.
The study included the data of Federal and regional departments of statistics, financial data provided by the enterprises of the chemical industry and reports on the activities of technological platforms; publications and monographs devoted to the problems of management of development of chemical industry; materials reflecting the state of chemical complex in Perm region.
Used Federal and regional normative legal acts, regulating the activities of state, regional and local authorities in relation to enterprises of the chemical industry.
The technology platform is a communication tool aimed at intensifying efforts to create promising commercial technologies, new products (services) to attract additional resources for research and development through the participation of all stakeholders (business, science, government, civil society), improvement of normative-legal base in the field of scientific-technological and innovative development.
In the 2011-2016 years were established 36 Russian technology platforms with the participation of a wide range of stakeholders (leading research and educational institutions, large and medium industrial enterprises, small businesses, associations). In total, the participants of the Russian technological platform include more than 3,500 organizations [41].
The technological platform formed by the most promising directions of scientific-technological development of the Russian business.
In order to explore the question of the construction of public (state) technology platform in the Perm region we need some appropriate concepts and theoretical foundations.
(1) New chemical materials
One of the most important areas that determines the development of all sectors of industry, construction, medicine and services is new materials. Changing ways of life of humanity is associated with the discovery and production of new materials. Materials – this stage of our civilization, and new content – a springboard to leap into the future, changing the face of our existence.
When we talk about the criteria that determine priority, critical technologies (quality of life, safety, competitiveness, etc.), one of the most important criteria is this characterization of technology as the ability to radically change, to “flip” the entire structure of production, and possibly social conditions of human life. Such technologies will probably include information technology, biotechnology, genetic engineering. These technologies include technology and new materials. According to expert estimates, in the next 20 years 90% of the materials will be replaced by fundamentally new ones that will lead to a revolution in various fields of technology. About the prospects of work on new materials is evidenced by the fact that almost 22% of the world’s patents are granted for inventions in this area. This is also evidenced by the growth dynamics of the world markets of the main types of new materials. Especially notable is the progress in developing the production of inorganic materials – ceramics, materials for microelectronics, etc.
Solid scientific groundwork of the Russian scientists and their dedicated work in a severe financial situation allows Russia to still maintain a sufficiently high scientific and technical potential in this field of research. Comparative evaluation of independent experts shows that in the field of new materials has the overall high level of priority and achievement in specific areas. Most high level research in composites, polymers and super-hard materials, slightly lower on ceramic materials, but not in one direction, Russia has no significant gap with the world level, and for each of these areas is development, not inferior to the world. According to the Group on the revision of the national critical technologies USA at the White house the possibility of Russia in the field of technology of materials in a number of areas equal opportunities in industrialized countries. Thus, in Russia the saved database design, development and production of new materials. In 33 regions of Russia successfully employs approximately 200 research teams capable of developing new materials and technologies of their production at the level meeting modern requirements. Since it is impossible to cover all problems in one report, will be given only a few examples of promising areas of development in the field of chemical materials and achievements of Russian scientists in these areas, which on a global level [28].
The chemical materials have not only complete substitutes, but also new and different types of raw materials required to meet the needs-and the needs of the national economy. Expanding not only the raw material base of social production, but also more efficiently and effectively used, maintained, and replenished (fuel, energy, mineral) resources. Production intensives, material and energy consumption reduces, product quality improves. In these areas acts and other item chemical – introduction of chemical methods and processes: increase the proportion of chemical technology in production processes provides a more effective and rational distribution of the means of labor and therefore of capital investments. Thus, the solution of problems of chemization of the national economy becomes systemically in-target program for the development of the chemical industry [13].
Chemical materials are superior to natural in quality, cheapness, durability. Chemistry creates new materials not present in nature, creates a substance with desired properties.
Appear substances that exist in nature, new technologies appear. It creates the progress of various branches of industry and agriculture, improve household living conditions, quality of medical services, etc. In turn life requires science to solve those or other problems, directs the movement of scientific thought. This complexity of the chemical industry and science with other fields of human activity a defining feature of modern chemistry. It is called by the term “use of chemicals”. Chemization is the use of new substances, chemical processes and methods of analysis in various fields of practical human activity.
(3) Chemical industry in Russia
Petrochemical industry is a key sector of the chemical industry in Russia. This is largely due to the crucial role of refining industry in the economy of the country. Educational institutions annually produce tens of thousands of experts-petrochemists. The state also allocates large sums of money to sponsor research in this area. Annual sales of all petrochemical production is more than 500 billion rubles.
Russia is among the ten leaders in the production of ammonia. In the world structure of production of ammonia, its share is about 10%. The largest producers of ammonia on the territory of our country – JSC “Toliattiazot” (Samara region), JSC “Novomoskovsk joint stock company “Azot”, JSC “Akron” (Novgorod region) [40].
At present, our country is one of the world’s largest exporter of ammonia. Exported an average of 25% of the total ammonia production, accounting for about 16% of world exports [42].
An important part of the industry is the production of fertilizers. On the territory of Russia are very large deposits of raw materials for this industry. Manufacturing resources to the production of chemical fertilizers is also well developed. During Soviet times, to improve the effectiveness of fertilizer worked best scientists, who made many fundamental discoveries in this field. Because of this, Russia is one of the most important exporters of fertilizers.
The production of medicines and their components is a very promising direction. Currently, this industry does not cover Russian needs, and the establishment of many drugs have not even been established. Therefore, each year, foreign investors, including large chemical companies, are investing in the development of this industry. However, a significant increase in production volumes and product quality, according to analysts, will happen at best in ten years.
(4) Chemical industry in the world
The most developed chemical industry in Germany, the UK and the USA. That is, among European countries the most advanced are typically the States that have contributed to the development of chemistry as a science. In the case of the US this is due to the favorable conditions for the development of the chemistry and pharmacology: a good economic situation, the presence of large natural resources and a developed transportation system, attract the best specialists from other countries.
In particular, among five concerns with the highest profit there are two companies from Germany, two from UK and one from USA.
The main document defining state policy in the field of innovation, is the Strategy of innovative development of the Russian Federation for the period till 2020, the implementation of which is expected to qualitatively change the structure of the economy [29]. The Strategy envisages a system of measures:
The strategy is aimed at achieving some key targets set in the Strategy and in the decree of the President “On long-term state economic policy” [30].
In particular, the share of organizations, implementing technological innovation, by 2020 should be not less than 25%, the share of exports of Russian high-tech goods in total world exports of high-tech products will be 2% in 2020, the share of high-technology and knowledge-intensive industries to GDP by 2018 will increase 1.3 times compared with 2011 [1].
The strategy will be implemented taking into account the sectoral priorities of technological development defined by the President of the Russian Federation, and the main legislative acts in this sphere [11].
The main mechanism of implementation of the Strategy are the state programs of the Russian Federation scientific and technological orientation, such as “Economic development and innovative economy”, “Development of science and technology”, “education Development”, “Development of industry and increasing its competitiveness”, as well as a number of other.
Thus according to the selected priority industry areas special programs, the implementation of which is closely linked with the implementation of the events Strategy. In particular, such a program is “Comprehensive program of biotechnology development in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020”, the aim of which is the output of Russia to the leading position in the development of biotechnology and the creation of the globally competitive sector of Bioeconomy.
(1) Definition of technical innovation
Scientific and technological innovation (innovations) is a continuous process of creative activity, aimed at creation of new products and/or services, technologies and materials, as well as new organizational forms, with scientific and technical novelty and to meet a new social or individual needs.
The end result of innovation – materialization and industrial development of innovations, which can be technical and scientific activities or marketing research to identify unmet needs.
The term “innovation” appeared in research studies in the nineteenth century and literally means “the introduction of some elements of one culture into another”. In the 30-ies of XX century Schumpeter first used the concept of “innovation”, meaning it changes with the aim of implementation and use of new types of consumer goods, new production means, markets and forms of organization in industry. At the same time. Schumpeter the main role of the driving force of economic development of the society is given to the introduction of innovations in the economy of the state [23].
(2) Reviews for technical innovation
Technological innovation represents the final result of innovative activity, has been embodied in the form of a new or significantly improved products or services introduced into the market, new or improved processes or ways of production (transfer) of services used in practice. Innovation is considered implemented if it is introduced in the market or in production process.
In industry and services distinguish between two types of technological innovation: product and process.
Product innovations involve the development and implementation of technologically new or improved products. The introduction of a new product is defined as a radical product innovation, if it concerns the product, the intended scope of which is, the functional characteristics, properties, design or materials and components to significantly set it apart from previously released products. Such innovations can be based on fundamentally new technologies or on a combination of existing technologies in their new application. Technological improvement of the product (incremental product innovation) affect the already existing product, quality or cost characteristics which were markedly improved by the use of more efficient components and materials, a partial change of one or several technical subsystems (for complex products).
Process innovation is the development of technologically new or significantly improved production methods, including methods of transmission products. Innovations of this kind may be based on the use of new production equipment, new methods of organization of the production process or their combination, and using the results of research and development. These innovations are usually aimed at increasing production efficiency or transfer of an existing on the enterprise, but can be used also for the production and supply of technologically new or improved products that cannot be produced or delivered using conventional production methods.
In recent decades, innovation has become a major factor of socio-economic development. Becoming more powerful impetus to the progressive transformation of the economy and social relations, innovations are associated with the satisfaction of social needs: the goods and services of high quality, they allow you to raise the standard of living of the population.
Almost all modern economic processes or is caused or accompanied by innovation. Innovation sector includes the branches of material production and services. The manufacturing sector is the engineering industry, with its inexhaustible reserve of innovative transformations. Meanwhile, the production efficiency depends directly on the innovation process.
A significant role is played by social policy. State rate of preserving and increasing jobs in the industry reduces the motivation to innovate, which in most cases is aimed at increasing productivity and, hence, the release of the workers. Before the statists face a dilemma: maintaining the current employment or the effective innovative industry.
The fact of the presence of state capital in enterprises of the industrial sector adversely affects the ability to innovate. Private companies are much more willing to go public and semi-public development and implementation of industrial innovations. However, the state plays a decisive role in the innovative development: creates the business space, strictly control their members. Moreover, during the economic crisis, the state is the only hope for business for the salvation.
Traditional by Western standards, market support institutions, innovation activities are in a nascent stage. The real number of active business angels and venture funds in hundreds of times lower than in the countries that occupy the first place in the key ratings of innovative development.
Russia in all the global rankings of innovative development is in the lower tiers. The main reason is the quality of the institutional environment and state institutions, i.e., critical to conducting standard business activities, the factors that are so important for business innovation.
The theory of clusters developed by foreign economists, among them well – known scientist M. Porter. To domestic scientists, examining this theory include A. P. Gradova, V. Obelia, etc [12].
Despite the fact that the interest in clusters as an effective tool for improving the competitiveness has increased mainly in the last quarter of the twentieth century, itself the cluster approach is not a new phenomenon. Developments in this direction were made in the XIX century. So, for example, in his work “the Isolated state in its relation to agriculture and national economy” (1826) I. Thunen considered spatial mathematical model of the successive systems of agriculture in the form of concentric circles located around the big cities and providing low transportation cost [31]. English economist of the second half of the XIX century by A. Marshall as the factors responsible for the increase of efficiency of export-oriented economy, identified skilled labor, the involvement of related industries and specialization of business entities [16]. However, if in the XIX century the development of the concept of cluster economy took place in the framework of an industrial approach, today the Central idea of competitiveness.
Over the past decade, an increasing interest among professionals in the field of economic geography, as well as economists and policymakers invokes the theme of local industrial agglomeration and specialization. Among the many ideas and concepts that emerged under this new approach, the most important are the work of Michael Porter, devoted to the clusters. His theory of clusters has become a recognized concept in the field of knowledge, and the cluster model of Porter is used in the formulation of economic policy worldwide, as a tool for improving the competitiveness of the economy, region or country as a whole [21].
Fig. 1 Porter’s Model
A cluster is a specific subject of competition and Porter defined them as “a group of geographically neighbouring interconnected companies and supporting organizations operating in a certain area, characterized by common activities and complementary to each other”. M. Porter believes that clusters can affect competitiveness in three areas:
Some authors have attempted to develop a typology of clusters based on the evolution process of their formation. S. Rosenfeld identifies three types of clusters: “running”, “idle”, “potential” [22].
E. Limer considered clusters with a high level of correlation in the analysis of the export trade at the national level.
French scientists I. Tolenado and D. Soulier used the term “dies” to describe a group of technology sectors. The formation was explained by the dependence of one sector from another on the technological level [32] [24]. Thus are a more narrow interpretation of the cluster being based on one of the criteria of emergence of a cluster on the need to create technological linkages between industries and economic sectors to realize their potential benefits.
The cluster approach is also used in the development of Swedish theorists. They cluster theory is mainly formed on the structure of the national economy, but rather, on the linkages of major Swedish multinational corporations. Here the clusters are based on the thesis of E. Dahmen “blocks of development”. The basis for the development of competitive success Dahmen is the link between the ability of one sector to develop and ability to make progress in the other. Development should occur in stages, or “vertical action” within one sector with other sectors that will provide the opportunity for gaining a competitive edge [9].
The most modern theory of competitiveness based on clusters developed by V. Feldman. The advantages of this theory lies in the fact that they are based on extensive empirical studies of diversification forms in different countries. The essence of the theory is the following. Diversification is often followed by the matrix of the “input-output” or contacts between industries linked by relations of supply and acquisition. This is consistent with the mechanisms that lead to the formation of clusters. Moreover, the most viable clusters of innovative activity are formed on the basis of diversification.
Modern policies to stimulate industrial-innovative activity uses various approaches to identify industrial clusters. In most cases, the industries included in the clusters are grouped based on the extent of inter-sectoral flows of products and knowledge, and including:
What is a technology platform? According to the European experience, “European technology platform” is a term proposed by the European Commission for the designation of thematic areas in which the formulated or will be formulated, the scientific and technical priorities in the 7th framework program of the European Union. Within these areas it is expected to allocate significant amounts of funding for various research works, directly connected with their practical implementation by enterprises of small and medium business and industry. Feature of technology platforms in the European Union is their formation on the basis of the analysis of the potential demand of consumers and market advanced technologies, production requirements, etc., which involves carrying out research work to achieve the goals and strategies for sustainable and resource-renewable development of modern society.
The European Concept of technology platforms allows us to provide:
Technology platform was established on mutual basis by combining intellectual and financial resources of the European Union and Europe’s largest industrial producer and financial resources to enhance research required to meet the needs of modern industrial production.
As a rule, the formation of a technological platform is initiated by a large European business, various industry associations, industrial, producers, etc., representatives of which are the so-called top-level Group. To develop technology platform initiators to form an Advisory Committee, which includes representatives of the European Commission, academia, small and medium-sized businesses, organizations and consumers ‘ associations, various non-profit state Association, etc. At the same time formed a National support group of representatives of the interested countries and regions. For the development of the scientific component of the technology platform Scientific Council shall be established, composed of leading experts on the subject, representing academic and applied science.
The main tasks created by the European technology platforms are:
The technology platform is a communication tool aimed at intensifying efforts to creation of promising commercial technologies, new products/services and to attract additional resources for research and development through the participation of all stakeholders (state, business and science), improving normative-legal base in the field of scientific-technological and innovative development.
As mentioned, the subjects of the technological platform are the state, business and science. The state participates in the face of their authorities or specially created institutions with specific expertise. The business is also involved, through their authorized management bodies (founders/shareholders, Board of Directors, management Board, General Director, etc.). Science is represented by various unions, such as research institutes, laboratories, communities, unions, etc. Interaction of subjects of the technological platform is intended to ensure the development and implementation of long-term (strategic) priorities in the scale of certain sectors of the economy for their innovative breakthrough development and the economy in General. Consider the interaction may also be implemented under a public private partnership.
Interaction of subjects of the technological platform leads to different benefits:
(1) The potential benefits of the state:
(2) Business receives the following benefits:
(3) The benefits of science from the technological platforms are:
For participation in the technological platform necessary to develop a participation plan, and then comes its implementation. As part of the development plan, it is recommended to perform the following preparatory work:
a) Identifying relevant technological platforms among the technological platforms included in the list approved by the Government Commission on high technologies and innovations. The evaluation of compliance of directions of activity of technological platforms for the company priority areas of technological development, it is recommended to carry out project-based implementation of the technology platforms and their strategic research programmes.
b) Determination of areas, including research and development, commercialization of their results, training and qualification of scientific and technical personnel, for which the company is interested to coordinate and/or undertake cooperation with other participants of relevant technological platforms.
c) The definition of the goals and objectives of the company’s participation in the activities of the relevant technology platforms, including on the basis of the goals and objectives of the program of innovative development of the company.
Plan development in the technology platform is performed in the following order:
a) Definition of performers, responsible for the development of the plan. Preparation of schedule of works for the development of the plan.
b) Development of the draft plan. The provision of opportunities for familiarization with the project plan for all stakeholders in the relevant technological platforms (project location on the page where you put the passport of the program of innovative development on the web platform page, his email, etc.).
c) Awareness of relevant technological platforms about the main directions of research and development, envisaged to be implemented in the framework of the program of innovative development of the company, providing the opportunity to familiarise with the program of innovative development of the c or passport program to all interested participants of the relevant technology platforms (online platform page, his email, etc.).
d) Collection of specialized technological platforms for the revision of the draft plan. Finalization of the draft plan taking into account the proposals of the relevant technology platforms.
e) Joint meetings with representatives from company and industry-specific technology platforms for discussion and approval of the project plan.
f) Awareness of relevant technological platforms on the outcome of the development of the draft plan. The provision of opportunities for familiarization with a finalized project plan for core technology platforms.
g) Approval of plan for participation of joint-stock companies with state participation (state corporations, Federal state unitary enterprise), implements the program of innovative development, in the activities of technological platforms in the priority for the company areas of technological development.
h) Monitoring the progress of implementation of the plan. The technology platform has a coordinator, an organization which provides organizational and information support of interaction of subjects of the technological platform. For example, in the framework of the technological platform “medicine of the future,” the coordinator is a Public educational institution of higher professional education “Siberian state medical University”, “BioIndustry and bioresources ― Biotech-2030” coordinator ― JSC “RT-Biotehprom”.
The course of implementing activities of technology platforms is:
In Russia there are 36 technology platforms (TP) in 13 areas of scientific and technological development, including in the most promising directions approved by the President of the Russian Federation. The distribution of TP groups are presented in table 1.
Table 1. The distribution of technological platforms for groups
| № | The name of the group technology platforms |
| 1 | Medical and biotechnology |
| 2 | Information and communication technology |
| 3 | Photonics |
| 4 | Aerospace technology |
| 5 | Nuclear and radiation technologies |
| 6 | Energy |
| 7 | Transport technology |
| 8 | Technologies of metallurgy and new materials |
| 9 | Natural resource extraction and oil and gas processing |
| 10 | Electronics and engineering technology |
| 11 | Environmental development |
| 12 | Industrial technology |
| 13 | Agriculture and food industry |
Presented in table platforms have become expert platforms on a national scale, with expert councils and other bodies, including representatives of leading businesses and organizations. All TP participants includes more than 3000 organizations (including universities (18%), academic institutions (21%), manufacturing enterprises (38%), etc.).
By creating a technology platform every sector of the economy, business, scientific community and financial institutions together develop long-term development strategy of innovation and improving the competitiveness of domestic products. From these positions it is necessary to evaluate economic and social efficiency, the ultimate performance of technology platforms.
TP “Biotech-2030” was established in April 2011.
Initiators and founders of the Moscow state University. M. V. Lomonosov, biological faculty, OJSC RT-biotechprom.
Participants: over 150 companies-participants. Mainly research organisations and universities (54%). A feature of this TP is a significant representation of professional associations – 9% (Fig. 2).
(1) Strategic research agenda of the technological platform is focused on the following tasks:
Fig. 2. The distribution of TP “Biotech-2030” by type of organization
(2) The main work and TP projects in the field of research and development is concentrated in the following areas of concern:
(3) The major activities for commercialization of technology and to improve the control mechanisms of the rights to results of intellectual activity:
(4) Measures in the field of training and development of scientific and technical personnel:
Development of training Programmes for managers “Basics of biotechnology” in collaboration with the biotechnological business incubator of Moscow state University in partnership with the biological faculty of Moscow state University.
(5) The results are:
• international scientific and business cooperation – representation of interests of Russian companies and developers in their relations with foreign partners, using the infrastructure of the CLIB. Cooperation with similar foreign institutions in the EU and the world, regional and national structures (ETP Sustainable Chemistry, ETP Forestry, CLIB2021, EuropaBio, etc.);
• formation of a scientific and technical state policy jointly with the Ministry of education and science of the Russian Federation, in the framework of implementation of the Federal target program “Research and development on priority directions of development of scientific-technological complex of Russia”;
• development of training Programmes for managers “Basics of biotechnology” in cooperation with the biotechnological business incubator of Moscow state University in partnership with the biological faculty of Moscow state University;
• regular monitoring and selection of innovative projects in the sphere of its competence;
• participation in the formation of regional clusters in biotechnology.
To estimate the efficiency (effectiveness) of the activities of technological platforms should be approached, given the depth, quality and scientific validity of the conducted organizational and management change.
The analysis includes:
a) compliance Evaluation Methodological materials of Ministry of economic development for the preparation of the Strategic research program, including the assessment of fulfillment of requirements to the reporting form TP
b) Assessment of qualitative and quantitative indicators, declare TP in their plans for activities and development.
In accordance with section 3, Methodological materials, Strategic research agenda technology platforms each must contain at least 6 sections:
• Section 1 “Current development trends of markets and technologies in the sphere of activities of the platform”,
• Section 2, “the Forecast of development of markets and technologies in the sphere of activities of the platform”,
• Section 3, “Areas of research and development, the most promising development in the framework of the platform”,
• Section 4 “the plan of works and projects of the platform in the field of research and development”,
• Section 5, “steps to commercialize the technology and to improve the control mechanisms of the rights to results of intellectual activity”,
• Section 6 “Measures in the field of training and development of scientific and engineering personnel”.
The evaluation was conducted in all of these sections. Each section was evaluated on a scale from 0 to 5. The maximum score is 30. Thus, the final evaluation of the strategic research program for 2016 as follows:
Tab. 2. Evaluation of strategic research programs of technology platforms in categories (for 2016)
| Technology Platform | Total | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
| TP 1 | 28,5 | 5 | 5 | 4,5 | 5 | 4,5 | 4,5 |
| TP 2 | 17,5 | 2 | 2,25 | 4 | 5 | 1,25 | 3 |
| TP 3 | 23,5 | 2,75 | 3,75 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| TP 4 (no data) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 5 | 13,25 | 1,5 | 1 | 3,75 | 5 | 0 | 2 |
| TP 6 | 16,25 | 2,25 | 0,75 | 3,5 | 5 | 2,25 | 2,5 |
| TP 7 | 2,5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2,5 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 8 | 16,5 | 3,25 | 3,25 | 4 | 3,75 | 1,25 | 1 |
| TP 9 | 22,5 | 5 | 3,5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
| TP 10 | 10,25 | 1,75 | 2 | 4 | 2,5 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 11 | 17,25 | 3,25 | 2 | 2,5 | 5 | 1 | 3,5 |
| TP 12 | 18 | 2,75 | 2,75 | 4 | 5 | 2,5 | 1 |
| TP 13 | 7,75 | 3,25 | 1 | 1,25 | 2,25 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 14 | 8 | 0,5 | 0,5 | 4,5 | 2,5 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 15 | 20 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 1 | 5 |
| TP 16 | 14 | 4,25 | 2,75 | 1,5 | 4,75 | 0 | 0,75 |
| TP 17 | 18,5 | 2,25 | 4,25 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| TP 18 (no data) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 19 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 20 | 22 | 4,25 | 4,25 | 5 | 2,5 | 5 | 1 |
| TP 21 | 20,5 | 2 | 3,75 | 4,75 | 5 | 2,5 | 2,5 |
| TP 22 | 17,5 | 1,75 | 2,75 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 4 |
| TP 23 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1,25 | 1,75 |
| TP 24 | 15 | 2,5 | 3,5 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 25 | 10,5 | 2 | 0,5 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 26 | 26,75 | 3,75 | 4 | 4,25 | 4,75 | 5 | 5 |
| TP 27 | 12,75 | 1,5 | 2,25 | 3,75 | 4,5 | 0,75 | 0 |
| TP 28 | 21,5 | 3,5 | 4 | 4 | 4,5 | 2,75 | 2,75 |
| TP 29 | 22,75 | 3,75 | 2,75 | 5 | 5 | 2,5 | 3,75 |
| TP 30 | 25 | 4,25 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3,75 | 3 |
| TP 31 | 17,75 | 2 | 2,25 | 2,75 | 5 | 3,75 | 2 |
| TP 32 | 26,75 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3,75 | 4 |
| TP 33 | 12,25 | 1,5 | 1,75 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| TP 34 | 21,5 | 3,25 | 0 | 5 | 4,5 | 3,75 | 5 |
| TP 35 | 9,5 | 2,75 | 1,25 | 1,5 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| TP 36 (New) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Based on the evaluation presented in the table it is possible to allocate groups:
1. The group with leading indicator:
TP 1 Medicine of the future
TP 26 Microwave technology
TP 32 Technology of food industry of AIC – healthy food
TP 30 Textile and light industry
TP 3 Bioenergy
TP 29 Modeling and operation of high-technology systems
TP 9 National space technological platform
TP 20 New polymer composite materials and technologies
TP 28 Technologies of ecological development
TP 34 Integrated safety of industry and energy
TP 21 Materials and technologies of metallurgy
TP 15 Environmentally friendly thermal power of high efficiency
2. The group with average rating of the indicator:
TP 17 Small-scale distributed power
TP 12 Controlled thermonuclear fusion
TP 31 Ecologically clean transport “Green car”
TP 2 Bio-Industry and bio-resources – BioTech2030
TP 22 Technological platform of solid minerals
TP 11 Closed nuclear fuel cycle with reactors on fast neutrons
TP 8 Aviation mobility and aviation technologies
TP 6 Innovation laser, optical and optoelectronic technologies – Photonics
TP 24 Deep processing of hydrocarbon resources
TP 16 Promising renewable energy technologies
TP 5 National supercomputer technological platform
TP 27 Development of the ocean
TP 33 Light and reliable design
TP 25 Technologies of mechatronics, embedded control systems, radio frequency identification and robotics
TP 10 National information satellite system
3. The group with a low rating:
TP 35 Construction and architecture
TP 23 Technology of extraction and use of hydrocarbons
TP 14 Intellectual energy system of Russia
TP 13 Radiation technology
TP 19 Speed intellectual railway transport
TP 7 Development of Russian led technology
TP 4 National software platform
TP 18 Use of innovative technologies to improve construction efficiency, maintenance and safety of roads and Railways
| STRENGTHS | WEAKNESSES |
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| OPPORTUNITIES | THREATS |
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Over the past decade, an increasing interest among professionals in the field of economic geography, as well as economists and policymakers invokes the theme of local industrial agglomeration and specialization. The theory of clusters, Porter has become a recognized concept in the field of knowledge, and the cluster model of Porter is used in the formulation of economic policy worldwide, as a tool for improving the competitiveness of the economy, region or country as a whole. The theory of M. Porter continues to evolve. If Porter’s model is the basis for identifying clusters considers only geographical or territorial proximity, at the present time, more and more researchers are inclined to think about the diversity of types of clusters.
Summarizing the results of the analysis and reporting technology platforms to the most developed parts include the action plan, from the point of view of their quantity and compliance with the development direction of TP. The least developed is the analysis of the market from the point of view of presence of participants of TP, and blocks related to the availability, analysis of personnel potential of the industry and the action plan for the preparation and development of scientific and technical personnel.
Chapter 3 Concept of European technology platforms
In the late nineties – early two-thousand years the European Commission (EC) in the framework of the “Lisbon strategy”1 was formed a system of scientific research programs “European Research Area”, which has become a basic guiding principle for all research communities, and identified the future development of the European Union (EU) in this direction. The main purpose of European research has been successful the output of the final product to the European and world market.
Scientific research is only part of the innovation process, whereas the commercialization of an innovative product requires solving a complex of tasks: questions of financing the implementation of legislative procedures, the resolution of administrative issues. These barriers become more complex in the interaction at the supranational level, when investors, research institutes and manufacturing facilities were located in different EU member States. All of this resulted in delays, and sometimes complete cessation of scientific research, thereby delaying or completely stopping the process of introducing product to the market. Many innovations did not bring the expected profits or never entered the market, as this product (in connection with the untimely marketing and sociological research) there was no demand.
To address existing barriers have been created by the European technology platforms, which were quickly and efficiently to help European research and development in the resolution of problems such as:
The European technology platform (ETP) was not something new for the EU, they are already not the first year quite successfully existed at the national level in many EU member States. In addition to the experience of the national technological platforms (TP) were supranational projects, such as “EURIKA”2. Therefore, one important task in the creation of the ETP was to establish a General principle on the basis of the experience of TP. The European technology platform become the main TRANS-European mission-oriented tool aimed at strengthening the capacity of Europe to organize and to innovate.
3.1 The establishment and operation of European technology platforms
ETP represent the site, established on mutual basis by combining intellectual and financial resources of the EU and Europe’s largest industrial producer, which is developing a strategy for the development of the scientific and technical fields, which then becomes the basis for specific programs and projects of the Seventh framework program of scientific research EC3 (FP7), and is also reflected in national programs.
ETP stakeholders are not only scientists and research institutions but also many other stakeholders: regulatory agencies, industrial enterprises, ministries, companies, consumer groups, etc.
The creation of ETP’s happening “from below” based on “bottom up” principle, under the guidance of the EC. As a rule, the formation of the ETP initiated a major European business, various industry associations industrial manufacturers, who have had successful experience in commercialization of scientific research and development. For the development of the ETP, the initiators of the platform to form the Advisory Committee, which includes representatives of the EC, the scientific community, small and medium-sized businesses, organizations and consumers ‘ associations, various non-profit organizations, etc. At the same time formed a National support group of representatives of the interested countries and regions. For the development of the scientific component of the ETP is created a Scientific Council, composed of leading experts on the subject, representing academic and applied science.
The effect of ETP is based on horizontal principles, including:
3.2 The stages of activities of European technology platforms
The activities of the ETP usually consists of three stages:
In the first stage (creation), the stakeholders, led by industry and business prepare a document containing “strategic vision” of specific technologies, as well as medium and long-term development of TP, which is updated periodically.
In the second stage of developing the Strategic research plan, formulating medium – and long-term priorities for research (the main document, which proves, in what ways, why, for what purpose and in what time frame is necessary to conduct research within a specific TP). The development of a Strategic plan is coordinated by the Advisory Committee, which involved the participants of the ETP. The ad hoc group communication “mirror group” represent the interests of member countries in the area of selecting priorities. At the same time determine the policy on the practical implementation of the Strategy, describing the Plan to implement the necessary mechanisms and defining the requirements of future markets. Part of the implementation Plan (or separate document) is a “road map” indicating the specific time and financial parameters, divided by periods.
In the third stage the Strategic plan is implemented largely through the funding mechanisms of the Seventh framework program and structural funds EC4. When this Strategy is used by EC to determine priorities in the preparation of research applications for investments within the framework of the FP7. Strategy formation is open public discussions. The strategy does not formulate a specific research programs, this task is performed by competent organizations in the public and private sectors.
3.3 The role of the European Commission in European technology platforms
The European Commission plays an important role as a regulator and catalyst for the development of ETP, and is directly involved in determining key European issues and challenges that should be resolved by creating appropriate technological platforms.
Provides consistent experience: the legislative bodies of the EU member States in the development of a General framework for ETP; financial institutions such as the structural funds, the framework program and the European Investment Bank for productive investment; departments of the EC in order to implement a coordinated policy in the field of ETP.
The European Commission has sought to improve the coordination of state investment in all member States, as well as with EUREKA and other similar organizations, avoiding unnecessary duplication of investment.
Also, the EC provides direct support to research institutions and academies, in collaboration with the other participants of the innovation process.
The functions of the EC include the comparison and analysis of the financing of specific projects implemented with the help of platforms, and providing incentive funding for further initiatives in the framework of these platforms; conducting an annual review of the ETP, results of operations, continued action plans, strategic programs of research and further development of proposals for their refinement on the basis of the analysis.
3.4 Financing of European technology platforms
At the initial stage of the formation of the ETP organizational costs borne by the EC. However, due to the lack of clear criteria for granting support, there are large differences in the amount of funding ETP. In the later stages of the action ETP the main source of their funding is private sector.
To Finance areas selected ETP, you can use the financial schemes supporting collaborative research FP7, additional national sources, including national and regional programs, the funds of the European Investment Bank, etc. To support high-risk projects, the European Commission and the European Investment Bank has created a separate program for funding large projects at EU level. In addition, to implement the Strategy of ETP can be financed by the funds from the EU Structural funds.
A large part of the ETP was created with funding from the FP7 “Investing in research”, but these projects are coming to completion. One part of the ETP received legal status as non-profit organizations operating on the basis of membership dues, some of them began to build a database of research projects carried out by their members. Based on another part of the ETP was formed public-private partnerships – “joint technology initiatives”. The remaining ETP ceased to exist and function only in the form of “initiatives”.
3.5 The creation of Joint technological initiatives
“Joint technology initiatives” (JTI) is a relatively new mechanism for the implementation of FP7 projects, which is a public-private partnership. STI are formed in cases when the scope of the research goals and the resources to justify the creation of long-term partnerships between the public and private sector.
At the moment, JTI established in the field of computer systems, nanotechnology, medicine and renewable energy.
Joint technology initiatives, in contrast to standard projects in FP7 are large-scale projects, which cover one or a small number of selected aspects of research in their field and combine private sector investment, national and supranational funding, including a grant from FP7 and loan Finance from the European Investment Bank. Joint technology initiatives operate on the principles of FP7 (calls for proposals, their evaluation, project selection, negotiation and signing of contracts between the project participants, report on the results).
Created cooperative structure must meet the following criteria: to represent an area of technology that are strategically important for Europe, with clearly defined outcomes; activities should be aimed at overcoming market failures; the result of its activities should be a high-tech product with high added value; industry should be ready to take on the long-term financial obligations and to provide satisfactory evidence that the existing mechanisms do not achieve the desired results without creating a JTI.
To date, ETP became an effective tool of not only organizations investing in R&D (Research & Development), and planning priorities. It should be emphasized that the European Commission does not own or manage ETP. They are independent organizations, created on the initiative of major industrial companies, research centres and public research organizations on a mutual basis by combining intellectual and financial resources of the EU and big business.
Thus, the ETP provides:
In Europe and the United States created more than 50 national TP (NTP). They reaffirmed their importance as modern tools for the successful creation and implementation of national strategies medium-term macro-investments in the development and implementation of modern and advanced high technology. Supported the creation of the TP in Latin America, particularly in the Arctic, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico.
Currently operates 36 ETP in the following sectors:
These programs join the following European initiatives: Joint Technology, Initiatives, Lead Market, Strategic Energy Technology, Plan, Public Private Partnerships. It should be noted that 36 active TP in Europe are at different stages of development — some have already started to function, others converted into private-public partnerships. Some ETP have flexible enough structures that hold together the annual meetings, others create legal structures with membership fees, etc. it is
For US there can be cited the example of the national initiative on nanotechnology, agricultural, biological Sciences, energy in Idaho, there are realized a program on alternative energy, software, communications technology, new materials and nanotechnology.
In studies in Idaho participating research institutes companies Hewlett Packard, Micron Technology, Geo Energetic laboratory, North Wind, Idaho state University (Idaho State University).
Russian TP are formed on the European model, however, note a few characteristic features: if in Western Europe the mechanism of financing of innovative projects (framework programs) appeared to create a mechanism for coordination for planning studies, in Russia, everything happens in reverse order: first we created a technology platform and funding issues remain open indefinitely. Not largely worked and the administration of TP at all stages of their life cycle, starting with the mechanism of “start” and further efficient activity [91]. Therefore, a need for more theoretical and methodological work on strategic management of TP, which must include:
It should be noted that as a tool for scientific-technical and industrial policy of the TA focused on achieving synergies through the balance of interests of different groups of stakeholders in formulating a long-term vision key areas of development and aims at obtaining a leadership position in breakthrough areas of science and industry. It is known that economic interests are the most important success factor in a market economy. In most definitions of “technology platforms” are terms that directly points to the paramount importance of cooperation of stakeholders, the importance of establishing an effective communication mechanism in the formation of the platform. On that basis is productive consideration of the management of technological platforms in terms of the concept of stakeholders (stakeholder concept) [92].
Developing the logic of stakeholder theory, it can be concluded that the technological platform can be considered as a kind of Corporation that represent specific organizational and communication mechanism targeted development, covering the relationship of various stakeholders related to the solution of certain scientific and technical strategic objectives to create competitive products.
In actual practice, the formation of RTP, there are many questions, the answers to which can be found on the basis of the concepts of the present theory, for example: identification of stakeholders, their importance and interests of each of the stakeholders; the definition of “target, or the center” a stakeholder at a particular platform, resources and influence. it should be emphasized the value of participation in the support of small businesses, are able to generate and create original innovative technology.
In terms of practical use of the tools of the theory of stakeholders with regard to the formation and functioning of technological platforms can be considered the following models [94]:
1. The model of Mitchell (identify the significance of stakeholders), allowing to establish the strategic interests of each stakeholder, determine its significance for management, especially for prioritizing the relationship, the formation of the matrix of the stakeholders of the project and the degree of involvement in relationships.
2. Balance model of the resource relationships, aimed at optimizing the resource sharing, identifying asymmetric relations between management and stakeholders, the various structural imbalances between partners, creating the opportunity for balance purposes with the interests of the parties, determining the degree of impact of achieving each objective on the satisfaction of stakeholder interests, etc.
3. Network model, concentrating attention on the presentation of participants of a technological platform and its environment in the form of a network of stakeholders, providing the opportunity to identify adverse mediators, prediction of traffic flows of various resources (financial, information, labor, material, energy, etc.).
Thus, the Russian TP is focused on technological modernization of the economy, improving the competitiveness of individual industries, the rapid spread in the sectors of new technologies; development of a set of “breakthrough” technologies for the emergence of new high-tech markets. They can also give good results in the development of a “no technology” that link a set of technologies together and make the product with high degree of satisfaction of a particular need [93].
The logic of formation of technological platforms, based on different forms of interaction between government and business [91], including public-private partnerships, and interest in the achievement of socially important results, suggests the need for a detailed study of the conditions of convergence of economic and political interests of these participants, Central participants in strategic programs.
RTP management should provide optimal conditions for productive interaction between participants of the platform in the process of Strategy formation and strategy implementation. The governing body is created by the Coordinator of the Program, generates plans and schedules the development of the program, seeking to attract the widest possible range of stakeholders – representatives of science and business structures. The powers of the permanent and temporary working bodies of TP is also conducting various workshops, methodological and organizational workshops, expert surveys, interviews and other works, the ability to access work-related content and outcomes through the publication of basic information on the online platform page and other publications. Fundamental are issues of discussion and approval of interim and final results, the procedures for the approval and adoption of the draft program for participants of TP, dispute resolution, intellectual property protection, as well as monitoring the progress of the program.
So, in order to mobilize objectively existing in Russia scientific and technical potential in terms of sectoral sanctions from Western countries with not only long-standing competitive advantages, the current in the power controlled containment of technological development of domestic scientific-industrial complex, and in connection with the imbalance of the commodity and manufacturing sectors of the economy, important in an accelerated mode to focus on overcoming the crisis situation. One of the tools of problem solving can serve a positive view of the possibilities of using technological platforms have mechanisms for increasing the effectiveness of cooperation efforts of numerous groups that can be stakeholders in achieving branding and business goals. The implementation of strategic programs approved by the Russian government technological platforms appropriate for a broader coverage in the media, to expand the number of their members, to strengthen measures of motivation for innovative initiatives. It is important to transfer management of the RTP in terms of self-developing system [96].
It should be emphasized that ETP do not themselves engaged in research work, as it often seems. Their conceptual mission and main tasks consist of performing functions of management: formalization of an integrated vision for research in a given direction and providing a concentration of needed resources. The dominant funding of R & d and industrial development to meet business management.
A special place a technology platform was held in the VII framework program (FP7), which, in accordance with the principles of the Treaty of Lisbon, consolidated all research initiatives of the European Union to enhance competitiveness of European research, educational and innovation spheres for 38 areas, of which some platforms are moved to the level of joint technology initiatives [97].
The main disadvantages of operation:
– small scale cooperation and coordination of TA at the European space and outside;
– insufficient attention to cooperation with third countries;
– insufficient level of participation of representatives of various organizations representing the interests of consumers;
– limited participation of the countries members of the EU in the ETP varies depending on the situation in the country and the level of representation, so the countries involved, not all ETP.
In turn, not all ETP are presented at national level in member countries. Not always there is a systemic cooperation between national and European TP, and member countries use different approaches to coordinating their national TP.
The European technology platform was created in the European Union as a tool aimed at the development of innovation and commercialization of research and development, competitiveness and living standards of EU citizens. After going through all the stages of development from creation to final product, ETP showed himself not only as a tool for innovative development, but also as a platform for solving the European economic and social problems through legislative, organizational, economic and technological tools.
The European Institute of the formation of the ETP was officially accepted in Russia only in the beginning of the second decade of the XXI century. The decision to develop the concepts of technological platforms for the Russian Federation was adopted in August 2010 by the government Commission on high technologies and innovations under the leadership of Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. Based on the model of the ETP, the Ministry of economic development and the Ministry of education and science has established the appropriate legislative framework for the establishment of the Russian technology platforms (RTP), which concept is outlined in “Procedure of forming the list of technological platforms” [95]. Russian technological platform is considered as an important tool of the state scientific-technical and innovation policy, and are formed on the basis of the mechanism of public-private partnerships.
Perm region is among 15 Russian regions — leaders in terms of GRP and industrial production (2.6% of the industrial output of the Russian Federation). The economy of the Perm region is predominantly industrial, the share of industry in GRP reaches 44% (in Russia — 31%), this region is similar to adjacent regions of the Urals and the most industrial regions of the Urals and the Volga region (Udmurtia, Tatarstan). In the diversified structure of the economy is dominated by export – resource industries: oil, chemical, titanium, and magnesium, pulp and paper industry, which have shifted to the world market since the mid 1990-ies. A dominant role in these industries plays a big business, as the Federal represented the oil company OAO “LUKOIL”, the chemical company, OJSC “Uralkali”, one of the leading paper manufacturers in the country JSC “Solikamskbumprom” and “AVISMA” branch of JSC “VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation ” producing titanium sponge and magnesium for the world’s leading aircraft manufacturing company. The industry of the Perm region until the middle of 2008 developed in an exceptionally favorable macroeconomic conditions. Quickly growing domestic demand – both consumer and investment. Expanded opportunities for external financing of enterprises: real interest rates on Bank loans decreased. The growth of prices for main export products significantly outpaced the dynamics of prices of imports. Grew and foreign investment in the economy of the Perm region, including foreign direct investment in manufacturing industries [33].
Among the negative factors of industrial development in this period can be attributed to continuing high inflation, the real exchange-rate appreciation, rapid growth of expenses for payment of labor, etc.
The pace of industrial growth in the region outpaced the national average.
Chemical complex is the basic segment of Perm industry, affecting the level of national and regional competitiveness and growth rate of the economy as a whole. In the Perm region chemical industry ranks second in the structure of industrial production of the region, with production capacity equal 180127,6 billion in 2015. The share of chemical industry in the structure of industrial production of the region amounts to 24%. Chemical (and petrochemical) industry of the Perm region are 37 enterprises employing more than 33 thousand people. In the chemical industry generated 25% of the profit of the enterprises of the Perm region leading organizations complex on the territory of Perm region are: LLC “Lukoilpermnefteorgsintez”, LLC “Permneftegazpererabotka”, CJSC “SIBUR-Chimprom”, JSC “Uralkali”, JSC “Silvinit”, JSC “Metafrax”, JSC “Azot”, JSC “Mineral fertilizers”, JSC “Berezniki soda plant”, OJSC “Galogen, OJSC “Sorbent”, OJSC “Beraton”.
The chemical industry in the region is one of the leading. The share of exports of products of this industry is over 55%, of which mineral products – more than 33%. Chemical complex in the Perm region develops mainly in two main areas: potassium-magnesium and nitric industry.
Potassium-magnesium industry develops on the basis of the largest Verkhnekamskoe potassium-magnesium salts, the reserves of which according to expert estimates of over 50 billion tons a Monopoly on data mining of salts is JSC “Uralkali”, the main type of its products – potash.
In General, the production of mineral fertilizers in Perm region retains a strong position, slight variations in the direction of lower production volumes related to the internal reasons (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Production of mineral fertilizers in Perm region, thousands tons.
In addition, the region presents a wide range of industries other inorganic chemical products. Among them are: JSC “Kamteks-Chimprom”, JSC “Ashland Msp”, OJSC “Berezniki Soda”, JSC “Henkel-PEMOS”, JSC “Halogen”, JSC “Sorbent”, JSC “Permskie poliefiry”, JSC “Kamteks-Poliefiry”, LLC “Soda-chlorate”, JSC “Karbokam”, LLC “Rosplast”, etc.
At the same time, the region is actively developing petrochemical industry has a very wide range of chemical industries, and represented a number of companies: CJSC “SIBUR-Chimprom”, JSC “Uralorgsintez”, LLC “Uralchimprom”, LLC “FLEK”, LLC “Perm chemical company”.
Thus, in the Perm region chemical industry developed in several directions: fertilizers, chemistry of hydrocarbons, other production (plastics, synthetic materials, rubber, paint substances, etc.). The dominant role in this, of course, belongs to the production of mineral fertilizers.
Fig. 4. The index of chemical production in Perm region (in % to previous year)
Dynamics of the index of chemical manufacture shows the dependence of the whole industry from the production of mineral fertilizers (Fig. 4). The turnover of the chemical industry on average is more than 160 000 million rubles per year (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. The turnover of the chemical industry in Perm region, million rubles.
The chemical industry of the Perm region are the largest taxpayers, contributing significant funds to the revenues of the regional budget.
Can’t say about pharmaceutical industry of the region. The major share in this market are imported drug products (over 75%). The market structure is characterized by a predominance of the pharmaceutical products of Russian producers in market segments with low added value, segments with a high value of the busy preparations of foreign manufacturers. The result is a shortage of funds for research and development work (1-2% of revenue).
Thus, the pharmaceutical industry is almost not present in international markets. The export is less than 1% [24]. Among the main enterprises in the Perm region can be called Perm scientific production Association “Biomed”, JSC “Medisorb”.
Chemical manufacturing in Russia as a whole has a high competitiveness in the domestic market and the average competitiveness in the world market. However, in terms of sectoral distribution, competitiveness is very different.
By the time of Russia’s accession to the WTO the level of tariff protection for mineral products was at the level not exceeding the end associated rate: weighted average rate submitted in the product category by 0.03% lower than required by WTO commitments [5]. For some products the tariff rate will decrease, but this decrease cannot be considered significant (average by 3.55%).
If we consider the development of the chemical industry sector, the following should be noted. The production of mineral fertilizers Russia’s accession to the WTO has had a generally positive effect, stimulating the increase of production volumes and commissioning of new competitive capacities.
Chemistry of hydrocarbons, closely related to the development of the oil industry, largely export-oriented and dependent on foreign companies, making the necessary alignment of export and domestic prices. The production of many synthetic products, plastics and rubber is characterized by low competitiveness, limited range, use of outdated technologies with high costs, which requires the introduction of new capacity for the retention of existing foreign markets.
Can watch the high import dependence in the pharmaceuticals segment, despite the large number of local manufacturers producing modern medicines. The pharmaceutical industry is completely import-dependent, which requires changes in the structure of the internal market as a whole.
Table 3. The effect of WTO on the development of the chemical industry
| Chemical industry | Positive |
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