Economic Impacts of Climate Change in the Mountain Regions: Water
as a source of peace and economic development

Abstract

When
we think of the mountains we usually think of the mountains themselves and not
the impact they make on the area below them. The purpose of this research is to
review impacts of climate change at a global scale on the mountains and the
mountains’ water supply. This paper also reviews major environmental/ecological,
social, and economic issues facing us. Tourism industry will suffer because of
it.

The study concludes that climate change will bring in instability on global scale with possible water conflicts and decreasing economic developments especially in developing countries. This will bring increased people migration into the areas not much effected by water supply issues and will increase social and political instability in those areas.

Keywords:relative water yield (RWY), “water towers”, “river piracy”

Introduction

It
is estimated that out of 7.382 billion people in the world today (U.S. Census,
2017), about 11% of the world’s population live in the mountain regions (Kohler
et al, 2014). The mountains provide water for billions of people. The mountains
are “water towers” of the world. They cover 25% of the world’s land surface and
more than 50% the world’s population depends on water that originates in the
mountains (Viviroli et all, 2006).

By
comparison in 2015 we used less than 1% of fresh water. That water is made in
more than 18,000 desalination plants. The water desalination production
increased by 67% from 2008 (Thomas Sumner et all, 2016). The water from
mountains is used for drinking, domestic use, irrigation, hydropower, transportation,
tourism purposes and many other industries. Climate change in the mountains is
bringing in an unpredictable winters. Winters with minimal snow or snow
coverage which lasts for only a short time are the winters of today (J. Dawson
et all, 2009).

Climate
change in the mountains will bring increased hazards and casualties, such as:
fires, floods, avalanches, landslides, desertification, and mountain erosion. It
will change the rainfall and monsoon patterns which will bring devastation and
economic uncertainty to many regions. Climate change will increase people’s
migration and will bring diseases not known in the area. The possibility of
conflicts and even war might also increase.

Water as a source of peace and economic development

Mountains as water source around the world

Climate
change might have devastated outcome especially for semi-arid and arid areas which
will be affected by less water coming from the mountains. The mountains help to
distribute up 95% of water to these areas. In humid areas mountains’
distribution of water is up to 60%. (Swiss Agency et all, 1998). Figure 1 below
shows mountain water run off around the world.

As
can be seen in Figure 1, the most important water mountain sources are regions
in the Middle East, South and central Africa, Asia, Rocky Mountains in the U.S.
and the Andes.

In
the Figure 1, we can see that relative water runoff is very important for the
lower areas in the areas of where RWY is higher than 1<. It is very
important where RWY is higher than 2< (2light red). The water runoff is
essential where RWY is higher than 5< (2 dark reds).

Himalayan
Maintains alone supply water to over 2 billion people in China, India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia (VOA, 2015).

Mountains
in Africa are as important as Himalayan Mountains in Asia in that they provide the
water source for farming for millions of people and include many African
ecosystems such as: forests, grasslands, drylands, rivers and wetlands. Without
these mountains Africa would not be Africa we know (Mountain Partnership et
all).

The
Nile River is very important water source in Northern Africa. Its waters is the
primary water source of Egypt and Sudan. It is the longest river in the world. The
Rwenzori Mountains and the Ethiopian Highlands are the most permanent source of
the tributaries of River Nile (Unesco, 2017). About 250 million people in 11
countries depend on the waters from the Nile (Salman et all, 2016). Former UN
Secretary General said once that, “The next war in our region will be over the
waters of the Nile, not over politics…”

Boutros
Boutros-Ghali, former foreign minister of Egypt and former UN Secretary General.
(Quoted in: International Fresh Water Resources, 1997)

Outcomes and evaluation of disappearing mountains’ sourced water 

About
5,500 glaciers in the Himalayan region could disappear or reduce their water
content volume by 70%-99% by 2100. That would be devastating for the people
using the water resources in the area (J. M. Shea et al, 2015).

The
study done by Dr Joseph Shea estimates changes in ice volume in Himalayan
Mountains based on two emissions scenarios. These two emission scenarios are
approved by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). RCP 4.5, shows
emissions stabilized by 2050s, and RCP 8.5, is the scenario where the highest
emissions adapted by IPCC are used. In the Figure 2 blue lines (RCP 4.5) and
red lines (RCP 8.5).

Using
the highest emission scenario shows us decrease in ice volume by almost 100%. The
model in Figure 3 shows possible complete melt down of all glaciers by 2100.
This scenario might be duplicated in other mountain regions with devastated
results for farming and other industries which need water or snow to survive.

In
Tibet people can already see big changes. One Tibetan coming back after 30
years to Lhasa said, “When I lived in Lhasa, it was very rare that people could
walk outside in T-shirts,” and “Now people are walking in shorts!” (Dorje et
all, 2015).

This
water source is now supplying water to 2 billion people and by 2050 that might
increase to 2.7 billion. A study conducted in 2014 shows that most rivers’ water
flow will increase till 2050. This is due to melting glaciers but then the
water flow is projected to decrees. It is very important for all the researchers
and the governments to work on water policies to make sure that there will be
enough water sources for the growing population in the future (Arthur Lutz et
all, 2014).

South
Asia, especially Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, India and Nepal might get some
help from the monsoons. Studies done on subject show multiple scenarios. Some
studies predict that climate change might alter the direction of the monsoons.
The rain might fall over the sea. Some show that the monsoons will increase the
amount of rain and start unimaginable floods. Other studies predict less rain.
Whatever it will be, things will change for the local population for the worse.

In
South America climate change is changing Andes mountains environment. Mountain ecosystems
there, known as “páramos” help to provide clean water and protect the lowland
against flooding. These systems are located at 11,000 feet or more above sea
level. These ecosystem have plants called espletia. These plants can hold a lot
of water, several times their weight (Autumn Spanne et all, 2012). The climate
change increased the temperature and the moisture in the mountains and now
ecosystem can’t handle it anymore. On March 31, 2017, flooding and mudslides from
the mountains killed 254 people in the city of Mocoa. City of Mocoa is located
at elevation of 2002.08 feet (Jaime Saldarriaga et all, 2017).

Glaciers in the mountain regions

Most of the
glaciers are melting. We can see that on the photos in the Figure 4 and Figure
5 (Burkhart, P et all, 2016).

The
glaciers; melting not only increase the sea level rise but also millions of
people are supplied with water from it. These photos show clearly how things
can quickly change (Burkhart, P et all, 2016). The loss of glaciers is not only
loss of water source but it is a loss of environmental archives. Scientists use
glacier’s to study snow which has accumulated into layers in the glacier (Burkhart,
P et all, 2016).

The
first “river piracy” case was in 2016. River piracy is when river changes the course.
It is diverted from one river bed to another. The study in 2016 shows that
river has change its course from northward to southward (Shugar. D et all,
2016). Figure 6 shows that change. It is because of melting and retreating
glacier.

Tourism – Ecotourism

U.S.
tourism brings $12.2 billion during winter. It also employs 211,900 people
during the winter season. National Ski Areas Association stated that in 2009-10
ski season, 88 % of resorts had to use artificial snow to stay open (Burakowski
et all, 2012).

It
is very expensive to make snow. East coast ski areas spend anywhere from $500,000
to over $3.5 million making snow every season. The expense goes up every year (Flynn
et all, 2013). A recent study on Northeastern U.S. ski resorts estimated that
only 4 out of 14 major ski resorts would remain profitable by 2100. That is
only 29 % of the resorts would be open (Burakowski et all, 2012).

Climate
change shortens the winter and snow fall in the mountains. Winter starts later
in the year and ends sooner (Dawson et all, 2009). The ski areas must come up
with the summer activities in order to be able to support the economy of these
areas.

Climate change and the hazards in the mountain region

It
is estimated that climate change in the mountain will not only disrupt water
supply but will also increase natural hazards in and around the mountains. As
can be seen in Figure 7, all mountain regions will be affected.

The
changes in the mountain areas are seldom thought as an increase in hazards and
casualties. But mountain fires, floods, avalanches and landslides will
increase. It will change the rainfall and monsoon patterns which will bring
devastation and economic uncertainty to many region

Conclusion

There
has to be cooperative water agreements between countries. Water quantity and
quality needs to be discussed and put into policies of all interested parties. All
water issues and water awareness must be spread within a local population with water
efficiency included. Environment and environmental issues must be taken into
consideration when policies or projects are implemented.

It
is accepted as a fact that more fresh water will be needed especially in the
regions where the mountains are providing the water. Planning for future water
supply for farming and for human use is needed in order to avoid social and
political instability in those areas.

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