Quantitative Evaluation of the Adverse Effect of Nitrate on Human Health
Executive Summary
The research project is all about the quantitative research on the effect of the nitrate contamination of the human body, For the execution of the project, not only the adult human being but also the infants have been taken into consideration as they use to get affected by the adverse effect of the nitrate contamination through the intake of the drinking water and the dietary foods. The study of nitrate contamination on the other animals has been excluded from the research subject. The secondary quantitative data collection has been considered to get the detailed view of the adverse effects of the nitrate contamination. The key incident that take place after the excessive nitrate intake or taking the contaminated nitrate is the formation of methemoglobin. The adverse effects on health,discolouration of skin, gastro genetic problem , even the death , along with the occurrence of cancer have been explained in a detailed manner But , no research has been linked with the reduction of the reproduction capacity due to the contaminated nitrate intake.
Table of Contents
1.8 Constraints and Limitations
2.2 Major uses and the source of nitrate in drinking water
2.3 Environmental effect due to nitrate
2.4 Environmental levels and exposure of human being to nitrate
Projected whole exposure with relative involvement of drinking-water:
2.5 Metabolism of nitrate in human body
Absorption, assimilation, and the eliminate of nitrate
Endogenous amalgamation of nitrate and its compounds
2.6 Impact of Nitrate on Reproductive and developmental toxicity
2.7 Effects of nitrate on Humans
Adults and children above the age of 3 months
2.8 Practical aspects related with the nitrate impact on human bodies
Treatment and control methods and technical performance
2.10 Biological effects of the ingested nitrate
2.12 Legislation on nitrate intake
2.13 controversy with importance of nitrate and adverse effects of nitrate
2.14 Diagnosis of the Nitrate toxicity
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Findings
4.1 Health outcomes of Excess nitrate
4.3 Exposure – response relationship
4.6 Results for the Bacterial contaminated water
4.8 The risk factors for the developed MethB levels
4.9 Key effects of contamination through Nitrate in drinking water and food
4.10 Treatment plan for Metheglominemia
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
The discussion of the paper is involved with the adverse effect of the nitrate intake on the health of a human being through different intake mediums. After the indigestion of nitrate in the body, it gets transformed into different forms. The transformation of nitrate into NaNO3 enhances the exercise tolerance, reduces the blood pressure, and lowers down the oxygen functionality in the human body in an adverse manner (Kim, et al., 2015). The absorption of nitrate through food and drinks cross the placenta results into fetal methaemoglobinaemia is human being along within other animals. It also reacts with the stomach with the nitrosatable compounds in order to form N – nitroso compounds and adverse notarisation takes place in an effective manner. The intake of excess nitrate also leads towards the infection and diarrhea to the human being in an adverse manner (Habermeyer, et al., 2015). Thus, it is required by the physicians as well as the health care providers to understand the intake level of the nitrate in the human body to avoid any infection, or hazardous effect (Weitzberg & Lundberg, 2013). The acute gained methaemoglobinaemia is the most important adverse effect due to the ingestion of inhalation of the nitrate in the human body. It is generally caused by the excessive intake of the nitrate. The similar effects are subjected to be faced by the human victim whether the nitrate compounds re inhaled, ingested, or is produced in the video from the nitrate substances (Kim, et al., 2015).
Nitrate is an inorganic chemical that use to get highly soluble in water. Thus, the major origin of the nitrate is the drinking water which includes the sewage, animal wastage, and fertilizers. These resources get mixed up with the blood of the human body and different hazardous effects take place in the body of the human being. Thus, the detailed quantitative analysis of the nitrate in terms of affected population in the global market and level of the presence of nitrate in the food and water level is required to be understood along with the exposure of the nitrate towards the adverse effect on the human being is required to get a detailed knowledge (Bryan & van Grinsven, 2013).Based on the all the discussion, the first chapter has discussed regarding the introduction to the dissertation with brief idea about the nitrate elements and its functionality , along with the background of the study , rationale as the importance to perform the dissertation, the aims and objectives of the study to be met , the establishment of the hypothesis to test the statement as the adverse effects of nitrate on human body, and method of the study as well as the limitations of the study to be performed.
Nitrate is the most hazardous inorganic element as it gets converted into the nitrite (Bryan & van Grinsven, 2013). After the intake of nitrate through food or through drinks, it gets converted to nitrite and gets mixed up with the saliva of the people those are in taking the food or drinks. It also affects the gastrointestinal tract of the infants. The infants covert 10 percent of the consumed nitrate than the old or adults of 5 percent conversion rate those are consuming the nitrate through the different media (Erisman, et al., 2013).The World health organisation has estimated the daily mean dietary intake is form 43 to 141 mg. the vegetables we eat constitute a large amount of nitrates. It has been reported by the National academy of sciences that 87 percent of the dietary nitrate intake that the human being does come through the foods in terms of vegetables. There are several factors which are required to know for the accumulation of the nitrates in the vegetables and also can lead to the high level of concentration of the nitrate accumulation in an effective manner (Jamaludin, et al., 2013). There are various kinds of the adverse effects of the nitrate consumption, such as short term effect, long term effect, cancer causing effect, and reproductive effects. Thus, it is the serious concern to discuss regarding the exposure rate and the causes along with the preventive steps, so that the wider population of the global market can be kept away from the adverse effects of nitrate.
As the nitrate hazardous amount is getting increased day by day through the diet medium of the human being, it is crucial to get the clear idea about the most common sources of Nitrate in the people’s diet so that the adverse effects can be controlled (Hord, et al., 2011). At the same time, it is also important to measure the safety rate of drinking the water, the water test for nitrate, way to lowering down the amount if nitrate in the water source as well as in the other food medium source.
The rationale of the research study has discussed regarding the importance of discussing the topic and make a dissertation on that. The purpose of this section is to understand the importance of the nitrate in the human body and the adverse effect of the excessive nitrate presence inside the body of the human being. The importance to understand the modes of the nitrate spread in the human body in terms of water and food to investigate the effect of the exposure of nitrates on the human body.As already discussed that methaemoglobinaemia is the most important effect of the nitrate intake (Khan, et al., 2013). Methaemoglobinaemia also is termed as the “Blue bay disease”. It so has some symptoms as below:
Apart from that, there are other effects as well in terms of Hematologic effects, cardiovascular effects, Reproductive effects, carcinogenicity, and others. Thus, it is with utmost importance to execute the study to get the detailed analysis of the amount of the nitrate intake requirement and the level of the nitrate intake to be considered as the excessive nitrate intake.
The underlying study would be done highlighting the modes of nitrate transfer and the hazardous exposure of nitrate to the human being. Thus, it is important to establish certain aims and objectives to justify the work to be done based on the subject topic in an effective manner. The aims and objectives related to the important thesis paper to get the complete idea regarding the functionality of the nitrate in the human body as the hazardous effect of ingestion of the contaminated water by nitrate and contaminate foods are important to discuss. The aim of the research is as below:
“To evaluate the adverse effects of the nitrate on the human body quantitatively”. Based on the research aim, the research objectives have been framed into the small divisions.
The objectives of the research paper are as below:
Research questions are important to set based on the research objectives to meet the research criteria in an effective manner.Based on the research aims and objectives, the research questions are as below:
Based on the research questions, the entire thesis paper is about to get framed.
The set of the hypothesis for the research conduction is as below:
HO: there are adverse effects of nitrate intake on the human being
H1: there are no adverse effects of nitrate intake on the human being
Based on the hypothesis testing the research outcome will be concluded.
As desired for the sake of the research study, some objectives have been formed for the requirement of the study to catch the predominant modes humans get exposed to nitrates. The secondary research has been undertaken based on the already established data regarding the effects of the nitrate intake in a human being and its hazardous effects in an effective manner. The research study would be directed focusing on the integrity of the subject matter at the most.It is for the most determined objective of the research study that it could be well associated with the method of the study of understanding the mode of the transferring the nitrate to the human body and getting affected of the human being with the hazardous effects of nitrates to create a hindrance in the normal flow of life of the human being. In favour of the study, the secondary data from the authenticated resources have been collected to get the aims and objectives set for the research to be met. The perfect evaluation of the research outcome has been done to make the project a successful one in an effective manner. Numerous resources have been verified to cross check the information received from one source with the similar information received from another source.
The purpose of the research study is to identify the mode of transfer of nitrate and the conversion of nitrate to nitrite to pose a threat to the human being by their hazardous effects. It has been decided to take the secondary resources as the due to the secondary qualitative and quantitative data collection method. The research study is only based on the human being. It could have better research paper, if the threat to the plant and agriculture due to the nitrate pollution would be done. Thus, the target population to identify the adverse effects of the nitrate is the key constraints by limiting the study on the human being. At the same time, the time as also the crucial limitation, otherwise more data could have been researched to get the better outcome of the research project. Thus, in a nutshell, it can be stated that the topic of the effects of nitrates and the time limitation are the two most important limitations for the perfect execution of the study.
The researcher to perform the research study efficiently required to prepare a definite structure for the dissertation. Based on that concept, he has come up with a definite structure which would assist in the process of study. The following dissertation structure has been offered to conduct the study in a complete and integrated way.
Chapter 1: Introduction
This is the introductory chapter. The researcher has taken the attempt to give the overview of the study to be done through the research background, introduction to the research to let the readers know regarding the subject to be discussed in the entire dissertation. At the same time, the aims and objectives also have been established by the researcher to meet the requirement of the study and to draw an outline regarding the topics to be discussed. Based on the aims an objectives, the research questions also have been set. The method of the research to be conducted also has been described by the researcher in this first chapter to get the overview regarding the process of execution. Further, the chapter has been commenced by drawing the obstacles and limitations in a proper manner.
Chapter 2 Literature review
This is the second chapter. In this chapter, the researcher has discussed regarding the theoretic aspects of the subject topic. The basic idea of nitrate and its functionality and good and bad effects have been discussed in this chapter with the help of the suitable formulation and diagram to highlight the theatrical aspects in an effective manner.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
This is the third chapter of the dissertation. This chapter has been dealt with the research processes and methods with the help of that the entire research process has been executed. The research philosophy, research approach, research design, research choice, research strategy, sampling method, ethics related with the research process, limitations of the research have been discussed to give the overview of the process execution in a proper manner by the researcher.
Chapter 4: Findings and analysis
This is the fourth chapter done by the researcher and it is considered the most crucial chapter as it is directly associated with the outcome of the research prices. The accumulation of the required secondary data from the authentic sources, and the analysis and discuss of those data to meet the objectives set at the initial phase of the research are the process flow in this chapter.
Chapter 5: conclusion and recommendations
This is the last and fifth chapter of the dissertation. The summary of all the chapters in the form of the objective meet is executed in this chapter in an effective manner.Along with the conclusion, recommendations also are offered by the researchers to the previous research work done by others to get the better outcome of the process and process requirement.
A literature review is the specific section of the research project to highlight the theoretical aspects of the subject topic. It is also termed as the chapter with the detailed analysis of any subject topic. The present research aims at the identification of the adverse effects of nitrate on the human body. Thus, through the literature review, the indepth as well as the extensive background of the research topic has been discussed. The prevailing literature, journals, websites have been reviewed to bring to light all the related work done on the present issue and to make the research outcome more successful. Thus, with the help of this literature review, the following aspects have been covered:
Lastly, the entire chapter has been summarised for the overall review of the literature review aspects.
The usage of Nitrate is based on the development of the inorganic fertilizers. The composition of nitrate is used as the oxidising agent and also is used for the development of explosives. Thus, during the preparation of those explosives, the harmful chemicals use to have a bad impact on the different organs of the human body due to its rate of poison toxic inside (Kumar & Puri, 2012). On the other hand, the purified potassium nitrate is used for the glass making, this compound of nitrate also is harmful to the human body. On the other hand, the sodium nitrate is used as the preservative for food, especially for the preservation of meats. Nitrates are spontaneously formed inside the plants. This is the basic nutrient that the plant required for their living. Nitrate and nitrite also form in mammals including the human being spontaneous. Through Saliva, the nitrate uses to get secreted and get formed into the nitrate compound by oral microflora (Cosgrove & Rijsberman, 2014).
During the agricultural activity, the nitrate use to reach both the surface water and the underground water. The natural nitrate from the plants and the additional nitrates through the fertilizer get mixed up with the water which is the transferred to the plants. Thus, the excess nitrate poses threat to the human body as there is some limitation for the intake of the nitrate for the human body. Nitrate also is formed by the waste water treatment of the animal excreta and also it formed chemically in the distribution pipe due to the Nitrosomonas bacteria from the stagnant and nitrate containing drinking water at the galvanized steel pipes. Thus, proper steps should be followed so that the nitrate level in water can be balanced and the level of nitrate intake required for the human body will be maintained in an effective manner. These are the key issues ad sources of nitrate in using the drinking water (Hurley, et al., 2012).
The environmental effect of nitrate also poses threat to the human body as the environments factors have a deep effect on the functionality of human being. The fertilizers containing inorganic wastes and the nitrogen are decomposed in soil to for the ammonia. This formed ammonia is then gets converted into the nitrite and nitrates. These freshly formed nitrates are used by the plants for the execution of the synthesis for the purpose of their individual growth. The additional nitrate moves to the soil due to the no use (Westhoek, et al., 2014). But, the amount of the nitrate accumulation gets increased at down to the lower level of soil ground, no plant lives to take the excess nitrate for their living status, and it’s also cannot get formed to another form of chemical to be used for other purposes. Thus, the water at the lower level gets poisoned with the excess water which is the limit of the nitrate intake by human beings and other mammals.
Degradation occurs in soil to some small extent and rocks use to get degraded to the aquifer. There are also other factors those can control the amount of nitrate to get deposited in the soil. The low or high level of water tables, the amount of the water of rain, the existence of the different organic materials are the determinant facts of the amount of nitrate in soil (Velthof, et al., 2014). The surface water also becomes nitrate and denitrated based on the temperature of the soil and the level of the PH in the oil. Apart from the soil and the water medium, nitrogen compound also gets generated in air form the industrial gas releases, and the gas releases from the vehicles. In the air the presence of the nitrates is usually in the form of the nitric acid, which is also not good for the different organ functionality of the human body. Thus, the presence of nitrate in soil, water, and air for the poisonous effects on the human body during the intake of the nitrate through this medium in an excess amount.
The environment levels and the exposure of human being to the nitre can be determined by the nitrate presence in air, water, food. The detailed description is as below:
The concentration of the nitrate in atmosphere use to range from 0.1 to 4µg/m3. The lowest concentration of this nitrate amount in water has been observed in water of South Pacific. On the other hand, the highest amount in nitrate in air level is for 1 – 404µg/m3. In Netherlands, the contamination of the nitrate has been reported as 1 to 144µg/m3 (Purves, 2012).
In the industrial areas, the concentration of nitrate in the rain water has been observed at the high level. But, in compared with that the amount of the nitrate in rainwater at the rural place are lower due to the no presence of the industrial waste gasses presence. The high level of the nitrate accumulation in the industrial places in water has been reported as 5mg/1 (Boas, et al., 2012). The surface water’s nitrate concentration is generally low with the value of 0 – 18mg/1. But, this amount also may get increased due to the excess presence of the human and animal wastes. Thus, based on the amount of deposited waste through a different medium, the concentration of nitrate use to get increased. The amount of nitrates in water has increased by double amount during the past 20 years. In the UK as well, the amount of the nitrate presence in water get increased annually by 0.7mg/1, which is high in level. The concentration of the nitrate in ground water under the aerobic condition is only a few milligrams per liter and strongly the amount is based on the type of the soil and the geological situation in an effective manner.
The USA use to get affected by the amount of nitrate and nitrite at different levels. The country gets affected by the nitrate amount of 4 – 9 mg/1, and with nitrite of 0.3mg/1 (Erisman, et al., 2013). On the other hand, the high concentration of the nitrate presence has been reported for India with the amount of1500mg/1, which is excess in amount, Thus, the human population of nitrate is affected by the adverse effects of the excess nitrate in a great manner. Based on that some precautionary measures should be taken by the industrialists for the less mount of the nitrate and the nitrite deposition in water and air through their manufacturing process. In the USA, the presence of nitrates can be observed in the ground and the surface water at 20mg / 1 based on the below level 4mg/1. This increase can be considered as the 3 percent excess. On the other hand, for the ground water, the excess nitrate presence can be observed with 6 percent(Porteous, 2013). The progressive level of the nitrate in surface and the groundwater levels for the last 20 years are responsible for the excessive usage of the chemical fertilizers, and the disposal of the waste through the industries, through the farmers during application of the fertilisers, and also due to the human and other animal waste deposition.In maximum countries, the nitrate levels in the drinking water do not get exceeded of 10mg/1. But, in some countries, the amount of the deposition in higher due to the contamination through the sewage effluents and the industrial wastes. Out of the entire European countries, 15 countries are exposed to the contaminated water with the nitrate level above 50 mg /l, ranging from 0.5 percent to the 10 percent in level (Freeman III, et al., 2014). Through this incidence, 10 million people of these 15 Europe countries gets affected. In the industrial areas, due to the release of the industrial waste, the toxicity of the water get an increase above 50 mg /l. based on the level of the toxicities, the amount of the nitrate presence in Netherlands water has been reported as 0.1 mg/l. But, the maximum value of the nitrate in the drinking water has been reported as 0.21 mg/l in the year 1993 (Freeman III, et al., 2014). Thus, it can be stated that Netherlands is the country to control their industrial release and preventing to get the drinking water contaminated by the effect of the nitrate.
Apart from that discussion, it also can be mentioned that the Chloramination may result to the development of the nitrate presence in the distribution system. Based on the fact, the concentration of the amount of the nitrate gets raised as the water moves towards the central system. In this aspect, it is crucial to mention the fact that the Nitrification in the distribution systems can increase the levels of nitrate by 0.2 – 1.5 mg / l (Freeman III, et al., 2014).
Vegetables, meat, fish, and the dairy products are enriched with the nitrate as per the requirement of the human body. But, due to the usage of the fertilizers and the pesticides in the agricultural fields and also the usage of the chemicals in the water body for the growth of the fish, the vegetables, as well as the fishes and indirectly the meat and the dairy products are getting contaminated by the excess nitrate amount. The meat products contain less than 2.7 to 945mg of nitrate in one kilogram of the amount. On the other hand, the dairy products contain less the 3 to 27 mg nitrate per kilogram, and less than 0.2 – 1.7 mg of nitrite per kilogram (Fordyce, 2013). It also has been reported that there are many fruits which contain 20 – 25 mg of nitrate per kilogram. Thus, the direct effect of the nitrate presence in fertilizers can be observed in the fruits.There are also some vegetates like Beetroot, spinach, lettuce in which the presence of the nitrate amount is more than 2500 gm per kilogram (Erisman, et al., 2013). Thus, the extreme direct effect of the nitrate enriched fertilizers effects, the soil temperature and the intensity of the soil can be observed in the presence of their nitrate level. The amount of the nitrate level in those vegetables also get increased when they are specially cultivated under the greenhouse supervision.
This nitrate contamination comes from the different environment factors as mentioned below:
Contamination from soil
Nitrate use to move from the bulk amount of soil to the root of the surface water by the process of convection rather than the process of diffusion. Therefore, the storage of water is about to restrict the nitrate uptake. The excess water quantity in soil makes the nitrate diluted in the soil solution and also can convert it to the soil anoxic. It further restricts the growth of the crop. It also causes the loss of nitrate by the help of the process named Denitrification(Jamaludin, et al., 2013). On the other hand, studies also have revealed the fact that type of the soil, and the content of the mineral in the soil use to affect the accumulation of nitrate in an effective manner.
Contamination from the intensity of light
Along with the soil presence, the intensity of the light also controls the accumulation of nitrate in the vegetables. The perfect assimilation and the process of the photosynthetic transport of the electrons to the leafs highlight the fact that the light intensity is the key contributing factor to the nitrite accumulation in the leaves of the vegetation in a direct manner. The intensity of the sunlight varies from month to month. Based on the fact, the accumulation of nitrate in vegetable varies from one month to another month. The crops are sown in winter and highly enriched with the nitrate rather than the summer son corps due to the variation of the light intensity. Based on the intensity of the sunlight, the Northern Europe crops have higher nitrate leveled crops rather than the Southern crops (Bickel & Friedrich, 2013). The UK crop assurance protocols have suggested the agricultural developer avoid the sown of the lettuce crop during the dull condition of weather. The same thing happens when the crops are grown under the supervision of the glass house condition based on the intensity of light. This statement reflects the truth that the shading of crops should be avoided to get the better nitrate enriched vegetables.
Contamination through the specific nitrogen fertilizer
The components in the nitrogen fertilizers are nitrate, urea, ammonia, and also other forms nitrate. After the application of the nitrogen based fertilizers, the concentration of nitrate use to get increased in the xylem of the plants. But the accumulation of the nitrogen does not affect much on the phloem of the plants. Based on the occurrence, the lettuce, and cabbage have reflected the high concentration of nitrate accumulation as the repose to the nitrogen fertilizers (Wick, et al., 2012). But, on the other hand, the storage organs of the vegetation in terms of peas and beans usually are fed by the Phloem.
Agricultural process for the minimization of the nitrate accumulation in vegetables
A special scheme named GAP has been developed for the sake of the farmers to understand the rules and regulation based on the legislation about the nitrate amount in vegetates and also to make them alert regarding the less concentration of nitre and its related compounds in their full grown vegetation. This scheme was produced by each and every member state. Each and every GAP is stuffed with the current violable knowledge regarding the vegetation process, recommendations offerings based on the experiments done by addressing the agricultural, economic, socially sustainable, and environmental impacts in an effective manner (Maggio, et al., 2013) .
The different GAP schemes use to operate under the different climate condition as the light intensity impact on the nitrate accumulation in vegetables in great amount. The abiotic factor is the common factor for all the GAP schemes. As per the GAP scheme, it has been suggested to the agricultural develop not to offer any shed to the vegetation where the crops are grown under the glass shed and under the plastic shed. The GAP scheme also make the farmers alter regarding the “untimely nitrate”. This statement refers to the point to not offer the nitrogen based fertilisers when the soil is not required of the same. Different agricultural studs also have revealed the fact that the greater concentration of nitrogen can be observed at the outer layer of the lettuce leaves rather than the inner layer (Cannazza, 2014). Thus, it has been recommended to the farmers to take the approach of regular basis trimming of the outer and older labs so that the accumulation of nitrate and nitrogen will be balanced in an effective manner. Thus, it is recommended to the growers to that they should aim for the big head weights to get trimmed. On the other hand , as the second recommendation , the intre alia analysis of the growing medium , and the harvest gap so that the nitrogen will get time to regenerate themselves in the soil as per the requirement of the normal full grown vegetation. Thus, it can be stated that GAP scheme has supported the farmers to cultivate their crops to get the better outcome.
The pollution in air can be considered as the minor source of nitrate exposure. The maximum amount of the nitrate presence can be observed in the vegetables and then followed by the nitrate levels in the drinking water. The situation , when the amount of the nitrate get increased in drinking water with the exceeding level of 50mg/l, the drinking water will become the major source for nitrate intake , especially for the bottle infants , as the key medium in water based solutions and mother milk. In the region like Netherlands, average exposure of the population to the nitrate is 140mg of nitrate in a day. The drinking water nitre intake contribution in this aspect is less than 14 percent(Hrudey, et al., 2013).
It has been reported by WHO that the dietary intake nitrate presence is from 43 to 131mg of nitrate per day and also from 1.2 to 3mg of nitrate in a day. In UK, the total nitrate intake in a day ranges from 50 to 81 mg per person which varies for Denmark with 70 to 172 mg, for Germany 70 to 110mg per person (Hrudey, et al., 2013). The presence of the nitrate in the cured meat has been reported as the 70 percent of the intake of the dietary products. The amount of the nitrate amount from all the required sources of the human been is accounted for less than 0.1 to 8.7 mg per day per person. At the same time, it also has been indicated by EFCA in the year 2008, that the requirement of the average consumption of the nitrate for a full grown human body is from 91 to 141mg.
After the intake of nitrate and nitrate related compounds, it gets absorbed by the upper small intestine at the initial stage. The nitrate compound in the form of nitrite gets absorbed directly by the stomach and the upper small intestine. Before the absorption of the nitrate compound, part of the compound gets reacted with the gastric juice contents (Hammes, 2012). The 20 percent of the ingested nitrate gets mixed with saliva where the concentration of the nitrate is ten times stronger than in plasma. The responsible factors for this strength are bioconcentration in an effective manner. It has been proved by many researchers that the usage of the antibacterial mouthwash destroys the nitrate amount in saliva.
The distribution and the assimilation of the nitrate take place in a great manner through the tissues. The fact also has been highlighted that 25 percent of the nitrate gets secreted into saliva. Out of this 20 percent, only 20 percent of the amount gets converted to the nitrite due to the bacterial reaction in saliva. Further, the small amount the nitrate is swallowed and re entre through stomach and the upper small intestine. The bacterial reduction takes place in stomach due to the effects of the gastric acidity and due to the intake of the antacids (strong chemical compound) by the human body. After the absorption of the nitrite, it gets oxidized into the nitrate for to get mixed with the blood of the human body (Abubucker, et al., 2012). Through the oxidation of the hemoglobin to mathaemoglobin, the nitrate gets involved in a large amount. It also has been reported that the nitrite use to cross the placenta and cause the formation of fetalmathaemoglobin in other animals rather than the human body. This fetalmathaemoglobin use to react in the stomach with the nitrosatable compounds. This type of the notarisation also is valid for the human body in an effective manner. The WHO has declared the fact through their studies that the maximum amount of ingested nitrate use to get excreted through urine in the form of nitrate (Larsen, et al., 2014).
The excess amount excretion of nitre has been observed just after the low amount of nitrite and the nitrate intake in the human body. This low amount of intake accounts for 1mmol/ day which is equivalent to the 62 mg of nitrate per day. This amount again is equivalent to 14 mg of nitrate – nitrogen in a day. On the other hand, the excretion of the nitrate gets increased due to the gastrointestinal infections in the human body. This incident results in the endogenous synthesis. The endogenous synthesis of nitrate and its compounds with induced infections has been observed in the human body (Pagliano, et al., 2012). In this aspect, it is also important to mention the fact that this endogenous infection result into diarrhoea.
The excretion of the nitrate due to the excess intake of the nitrate in a human being has been reported in the year 1916. But, this result has been canceled after the 1970s. This result has been derived after the examination just because of the potential involvement of nitrate in the endogenous synthesis process in the human body. The researchers also have derived the fact regarding the production of 1mmol nitrate per day in the human body. The most important media for the endogenous nitrate production is by the conversion of the arginine by the macrophages to nitric oxide in a positive manner. Along with the macrophages, there are also other cells in the human body those are responsible for the formation of nitrate by the arginine. On the other hand, under certain critical situations, the bacteria can be formed from the nitric oxide from the arginine. These process also can lead towards the nitrosation of the amines at the natural Ph Value in an effective manner (Erisman, et al., 2013).
The studies through Vitro and Vivo have reflected the fact that the amount of nitrate can be reduced by the effect of the nitrite. Due to the bacterial and the mammalian metabolic medium. In the human body, saliva is the great source of the formation of nitre automatically inside body along with the intake of the nitrate form the food, water and air sources. Out of the total amount, 5 percent of the nitrate gets into converted to the nitrite. During the nitrate intake, absorption, assimilation elimination form the body, the direct co-relation has been observed among the gastric PH, gastric nitrite concentration, and bacterial colonisation in an aggressive manner.
The impaired reproductive behaviour has been observed for guinea pig which is more or less similar that of the human body. The nitrite is more toxic than the nitrate in this aspect. The dose of the nitrate for the impacted reproductive behaviour is 30000mg of potassium nitrate per liter.But for the other mammals such as rabbit the dose for such impaired reproductive behaviour is 250 or 500 mg of nitrate per liter of water. Thus, it is required by the human being to control the intake of the nitrate and the nitrate related compounds so that they will be able to reduce down the impaired reproductive behaviour in an effective manner.
This section has discussed the theoretical perspective regarding the adverse effects of the excess amount of nitrate in the human below in a descriptive manner.
By the effect of the reduction of the nitrite, the toxicity level of the nitrate in the human body uses to get reduced in an aggressive manner. The oxidation of normal Hb to metHb is the resultant fact for the biological effect of the nitrite in the human bodies. The formation of the metHb becomes the factor as the hindrance for the supply of the oxygen to the tissues. When the newly formed metHb concentration reaches the 10 percent of the concentration level of HB, then the rate of the oxygen transport to the tissues get decreased. This effect is called the Methaemoglobinaemia(Bradberry, 2012).As the normal metHb concentration level in human is less than 2 percent as well as in infant, the concentration level is less than 3 percent, Thus, the concentration level by reaching 10 percent of the Hb level is quite high to support the transport of the oxygen to the tissues to maintain the proper functionality of the human body due to the support of the oxygen (Martinez, et al., 2013).
The formation of metHb in the infants from the Hb is more vulnerable than the old adults. Thus, they use to get affected by the slow supply of the oxygen to the tissues in reduced form than the older one. The reduced amount of NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) does not reach the reference level in the blood until the age of 4 months. This results in the reduction of the methB level to get back to the level of Hb. The net application of the doses of nitrite in the infant body causes the greater formation of metHb in the body of the infants to have the adverse effect of nitrate intake. Due to the high exposure of the nitrate dose application in the infants pose the higher reduction of the nitrate by the nitrite with the help of the gastric bacteria which is due to the result of the low production of the gastric acid. Apart from that, there are also the incidents of the infections of the gastrointestinal which again results in the methB formation through the pathway of the nitric oxide. Though the gastrointestinal infection is the greatest contributor to the formation of metHb, but on the other hand, the high nitrate concentration above 100mg / l also is the great contributor to the formation of metHb(Hmelak Gorenjak & Cencič, 2013). Based on the occurrences, it can be stated that the microbiological quantity maintenance in drinking water is important along with the maintenance of the proper hygiene to protect the health factors.
The incidents of Methaemoglobinaemia for the lower level of the nitrate intake is restricted fort human bodies of an infant under the age of 3 months. The children those are below the age of 3 months, the conversion rate of nitrate to nitrite and the formation of methB is low then the children of older age. The toxic effects can be included in this case.As per the view of Pawełczyk (2012), it can be assumed that for 80 percent reduction of nitrate to nitrate for these small aged children, the doses of toxic are ranging from 1.5 to 2.7mg of nitrate per kilogram of the body weight.
Due to the excess amount of the nitrate intake the Methaemoglobinaemia use to take place in the human bodies. In this discussion, it is also important to discuss that the accidental human intoxications have reported as the adverse presence of nitrite in food materials. The lethal dose in the oral form has been reported as the 33 to 250mg of nitrite per kilogram of the human body. Further, the toxic doses result into the Methaemoglobinaemia ranging from 0.4 to 200mg per kilogram of the body weight in an effective manner. It is also important to discuss in this aspect that the nitrite toxicity in the human body uses to get raised due to the intake of the sodium nitrate as the medication application to the human body (Karr, 2012). The scientists have revealed the fact that the doses of 30 – 300mg per person do not cause the toxic effects of the nitrate intake in the human body of children with above 3 months of age. Though the intoxication depends upon the nitrate intake dose, but few cases of methaemoglobinaemia has been observed on few older children. A perfect correlation among the children of aged between 1 – 8 years have been established by the USA scientists. The scientists were unable to find out nay correlation between the 64 children consumed the high nitrate drinking water and among the 38 children consuming the low nitrate drinking water. The concentrations were between 100 – 150 and less than 44 mg nitrate per liter.
It has been mentioned by Kapil, et al. (2014), that nitrate has been observed that its use to react with the nitrosatable compounds those are present in the human stomach. After reacting with the nitrosatable compounds in the stomach, they form into the N-nitroso compounds. The N-Nitroso compounds carcinogenic in the human body are also carcinogenic that means they may cause cancer to the human being. This type of the formation of N-Nitroso compounds also has been observed in different animals but is more prominent for the Human body. Based on the fact the perfect link between the cancer risk and the nitrosation has been established in an effective manner.The geographical correlations also have reflected the fact that there is a strong relation between the estimated nitrate intake and the gastric cancer risk. The United States National research council have mentioned some suggestions regarding the perfect association of high nitrate intake and Gastric cancer in the human body (Cannazza, 2014). But, a close link has been rejected by World health organisation due to the lack of the proper evidence and the regular occurrence of gastric cancer due to the excess intake of the nitrate and its compounds. In this aspect, it also has been stated by WHO that the nitrate source form vegetables, the concentration of nitrate in the drinking water, as well as nitrate exposure to dust have not shown any evidence for the occurrence of gastric cancer due to these facts. As a solution of the traditional concept regarding the exposure of nitrate on the occurrence of gastric cancer, the intake of the vegetables filled with vitamin E, C decreases the risk of gastric cancer in a human being (Bryan & van Grinsven, 2013).
There are many regular symptoms those are associated with the intake of the excess nitrate. The general symptoms are as below:
Apart from these, some chronic disease, the nutritional, or some managerial problems. Thus, it is required to come to the conclusion regarding the adverse effects of nitrate. Thus, based on the general and the chronic causes, it has been proved that it is of utmost importance to check the amount of nitrate in the water and in another food medium so that the chronic disease can be reduced in intensity.
As other effects of the excessive nitrate exposure, the congenital malformations can be highlighted linked with the presence of the excess level nitrate in drinking water in Australia, but the observation based on Australian occurrences, the link cannot be confirmed. On the other hand, there is no strong evidence to prove this link. Apart from the gastric cancer risk, cardiovascular effects, the study based on the adverse effect of the excess nitrate intake on the thyroid. There were also the indications for the antithyroid effect of nitrate on the human body. In this aspect, it is most important to mention the point that if the dietary iodine is available through the food to a human being with the amount of 150 – 30µg per day, the effects of the nitrate use to get decreased at an alarming rate. It also tends to be to the zero amount(Bryan & van Grinsven, 2013). The effect of nitrate on the thyroid also may be posing as a strong impact if the deficiency of the iodine exists in a normal manner.
The high linkage between the high nitrate concentrations in the drinking water, and the goitre incidence in an effective manner has been highlighted by Bryan & van Grinsven (2013). The presence of the inorganic nitrate in the drinking water also is associated with the occurrence of endemic goitre. There are also various studies those have revealed the fact that the dose of nitrate in water is more strong on the occurrence of the adverse effects on the human body rather than the dose of nitrate in goods as nitrated s are more soluble in water medium to get mixed with the blood content of the human body and to have a strong impact in the body parts in a more faster rate. In contrary, there are several studied regarding the subject topic which was not able to find any direct relationship between the intake of nitrate and thyroid infection. As there are a large number of factors that may create a hindrance in the epidemiological studies, it is important to consider the studies as sufficiently understandable of nitrate intake as the most important factors but to maintain the level of the nitrate intake so that any adverse impact will not take place.
The spectrometric techniques are used for the identification of the nitrate intensity in water. The average rate of the nitrate presence in water is 0.01 mg / l to 1mg / l. for the detection of the nitrate presence in the potable water the molecular absorption spectrometric techniques are used by the scientists. The average limitation of the nitrate presence in the potable water is from 0.005 – 0.001mg / l. on the other hand, the nitrate and the nitrite dissolved in water also can be determined by the help of the chromatography (DiMaio, 2015). The level is down to the level of 0.1g / l for nitrate, and 0.05mg/l for nitrite.
As per the view of Rodgers, et al. (2016), the preservation of the contamination in the groundwater is the most effective way to control the amount of the nitrate in this water.This preservation of the contamination process also is defined as the best practice in the agricultural process in terms of careful siting of the latrines, septic tanks, management of the fertilizers in a proper manner. Sewage control, waste release to the water, and also the storage of the animal manures. Methemoglobinemia is closely associated with the private wells. It is required to make sure that the septic tanks, and latrines are not situated inform of the private well to prevent the incident of toxics and nitrates from the human waste and animals waste to get mixed with the groundwater and to enter into the human body in the form of the drinking water. At the same time, it is also required to manage the waste release of household manures and fertilizers in an effective manner to prevent the ground water from becoming contaminated. The well should be perfectly protected to prevent the runoff water to get mixed with the groundwater (Tille, 2015). The water collected for the ground water should be boiled or disinfected by some other means before consumption of the same. Thus, protection should be taken to prevent the well to get contaminated and also to consume the water free from nitrate and the microbiological contaminations to avoid the adverse effects on the human body.
The wells those are common in the rural areas, the proper attention awareness programs should be set for the mothers or expecting mothers as their target audiometer. They should be made aware regarding the requirement of safe water consumption and also should be made aware regarding the ways to remove the contamination from the water. For the pipe water, where the level of nitrate contamination is higher, the substitute drinking water is supplied to the area. If the contamination is again high, then the high contaminated water is made to be diluted with the lower concentration nitrate. If the process is not successful, then, the process to remove the contamination using the different processes is adopted. In this aspect, the disinfection is one of the processes, where the oxidized nitre water is transformed into the less nitrate water in order to minimize the pathogenic and non-pathogenic population of bacteria into the water. Along with the disinfection, the chloramination also is another important process to offer the residual infection to the distribution system (Bondonno, et al., 2014).
The referred value of nitrate in water is 5mg/ l. Nitrate is completely based on the epidemiological evidence for Methaemoglobinaemia among the infants which is caused by the direct short term exposure in an effective manner. This direct exposure also can cause the microbial contamination as well as the gastrological infection at the stomach of the human body. It is proved and hence recommended by the scientist that the water should not be used for the bottle fed infants where the amount if nitrate in water is above 100mg/l (Sadler, et al., 2016). The proper guideline for the human body has been recorded as 3mg/l. with the application of the lowest level nitrate range of 0.4 mg/kg is suitable for the 5kg infant in an effective manner. There is one equation which should be followed regarding the consumption of the drinking water as below:
CnitrateGVnitrate+ CnitriteGVnitrate≤1
Thus, the value from the above equation can be recognised as the benchmark for the amount of nitrate intake so that the proper body functionality can be maintained. Based on the entire discussion, it can be stated that maintaining the nitrate level in the water based on the guidelines are required to be followed to avoid the adverse effects of nitrate in a human being.
Further, the guideline values for the nitrate from the agricultural activities those are significant for health and are coming from the drinking water has been mentioned as below:
Figure 1: Guideline about nitrate amount
| Chemical | µg/L | Mg/L | Remarks |
| Non Pesticides | 50000 |
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